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Changes: Timeline of historic inventions

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* 500,000-100,000 BP: [[Clothing]]
  
* 500,000-100,000 BP: [[Clothing]]
 
* 400,000 BP: [[Pigment]] in [[Zambia]],<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/733747.stm Earliest evidence of art found]</ref> [[Southern Africa]]
  
* 400,000 BP: [[Pigment]] in [[Zambia]],<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/733747.stm Earliest evidence of art found]</ref> [[Southern Africa]]
−
* 160,000-140,000 BP: [[Burial]]<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_24_160/ai_81827792/ Evolving in their graves: early burials hold clues to human origins]</ref> in [[Africa]]
 +
* 160,000-140,000 BP: [[Burial]]<ref>[http://archive.is/20120628225604/findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_24_160/ai_81827792/ Evolving in their graves: early burials hold clues to human origins]</ref> in [[Africa]]
 
* 140,000 BP: [[Bone tool]]s in [[Blombos Cave]], [[South Africa|South&nbsp;Africa]]
  
* 140,000 BP: [[Bone tool]]s in [[Blombos Cave]], [[South Africa|South&nbsp;Africa]]
 
* 140,000 BP: [[Shellfishing]] in [[Blombos Cave]], [[South Africa|South&nbsp;Africa]]
  
* 140,000 BP: [[Shellfishing]] in [[Blombos Cave]], [[South Africa|South&nbsp;Africa]]
  +
* 115,000 to 11,000 BP: [[Calendar]] by [[hunter-gatherer]]s during [[last glacial period]]<ref name=bruton>{{Cite book|title=The History of Clocks and Watches |last=Bruton |first=Eric |location=New York |publisher=Crescent Books |isbn=0-517-37744-6 |year=1979}}</ref>
 
* 110,000 BP: [[Bead]]s in [[Palestine]]<ref name="Elias">{{cite book|author=Scott Elias|title=Origins of Human Innovation and Creativity|accessdate=5 October 2012|date=12 September 2012|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-444-53821-5|pages=28}}</ref>
  
* 110,000 BP: [[Bead]]s in [[Palestine]]<ref name="Elias">{{cite book|author=Scott Elias|title=Origins of Human Innovation and Creativity|accessdate=5 October 2012|date=12 September 2012|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-444-53821-5|pages=28}}</ref>
  +
* 100,000: [[Jewellery]] ([[bead]]) in [[Northern Africa]] and [[Middle East]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s1670011.htm|title=News in Science - Shell beads suggest new roots for culture - 23/06/2006|website=Abc.net.au|accessdate=23 October 2017}}</ref>
 
* 100,000 BP: [[Lithic blade]]s in [[Africa]] and [[Middle East]]
  
* 100,000 BP: [[Lithic blade]]s in [[Africa]] and [[Middle East]]
 
* 77,000 BP: [[Bed]]ding in [[South Africa]]<ref name="Wadley2">Wadley L, Sievers C, Bamford M, Goldberg P, Berna F, Miller C. (2011). [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/334/6061/1388.full Middle Stone Age Bedding Construction and Settlement Patterns at Sibudu, South Africa]. Science 9 December 2011: Vol. 334 no. 6061 pp. 1388-1391</ref>
  
* 77,000 BP: [[Bed]]ding in [[South Africa]]<ref name="Wadley2">Wadley L, Sievers C, Bamford M, Goldberg P, Berna F, Miller C. (2011). [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/334/6061/1388.full Middle Stone Age Bedding Construction and Settlement Patterns at Sibudu, South Africa]. Science 9 December 2011: Vol. 334 no. 6061 pp. 1388-1391</ref>
 
* 64,000 BP: [[Arrowhead]] in [[South Africa]]<ref name="Backwell"/>
  
* 64,000 BP: [[Arrowhead]] in [[South Africa]]<ref name="Backwell"/>
 
* 61,000 BP: [[Sewing needle]] in [[South Africa]]<ref name="Backwell">Backwell L, d'Errico F, Wadley L.(2008). Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35:1566-1580. {{doi|10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006}}</ref>
  
* 61,000 BP: [[Sewing needle]] in [[South Africa]]<ref name="Backwell">Backwell L, d'Errico F, Wadley L.(2008). Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35:1566-1580. {{doi|10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006}}</ref>
  +
* 60,000 BP: [[Boat]] around [[Indian Ocean]]
 
* 60,000 BP: [[Shipbuilding|Ship]] in [[New Guinea]], [[Southeast Asia]]
  
* 60,000 BP: [[Shipbuilding|Ship]] in [[New Guinea]], [[Southeast Asia]]
 
* 60,000 BP: [[Bow (weapon)|Bow]]<ref>{{Cite news| title= Early Weapon Evidence Reveals Bloody Past | author= Jennifer Viegas|publisher=Discovery News |date=31 March 2008|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/03/31/earliest-weapon-human.html}}</ref>
  
* 60,000 BP: [[Bow (weapon)|Bow]]<ref>{{Cite news| title= Early Weapon Evidence Reveals Bloody Past | author= Jennifer Viegas|publisher=Discovery News |date=31 March 2008|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/03/31/earliest-weapon-human.html}}</ref>
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* {{circa}} 10,000 BCE: [[Basket weaving]]
  
* {{circa}} 10,000 BCE: [[Basket weaving]]
 
* {{circa}} 9500 BCE: [[Granary]] in the [[Jordan River|Jordan Valley]]
  
* {{circa}} 9500 BCE: [[Granary]] in the [[Jordan River|Jordan Valley]]
−
* [[Agriculture]] in the [[Fertile Crescent]] ([[Neolithic Revolution]])
 +
* [[Agriculture]] in the [[Fertile Crescent]], [[Near East]] ([[Neolithic Revolution]])
−
* [[History of alcohol|Alcoholic beverage]] in the [[Fertile Crescent]]
 +
* [[Farming]] in the [[Fertile Crescent]], [[Near East]]
−
* [[Adobe]] in the [[ancient Near East]]
 +
* [[Farm]]  in the [[Fertile Crescent]], [[Near East]]
  +
* [[History of alcohol|Alcoholic beverage]] in the [[Fertile Crescent]], [[Near East]]
  +
* [[Adobe]] in the [[ancient Near East]]
  +
* [[Domestrication]] in [[Southwest Asia]]
   
 
==9th millennium BCE==
  
==9th millennium BCE==
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* {{circa}} 8700 BCE: [[copper|Copper]] pendant in [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]])
  
* {{circa}} 8700 BCE: [[copper|Copper]] pendant in [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]])
 
* {{circa}} 8700 BCE: [[Pendant]] in [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]])
  
* {{circa}} 8700 BCE: [[Pendant]] in [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]])
  +
* [[Milk]] in [[Southwest Asia]]
   
 
==8th millennium BCE==
  
==8th millennium BCE==
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==6th millennium BCE==
  
==6th millennium BCE==
  +
* {{circa}} 6000 BCE: [[Kiln]] in [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]])<ref name="Bienkowski">{{cite book|author1=Piotr Bienkowski|author2=Alan Millard|title=Dictionary of the Ancient Near East|accessdate=5 October 2012|date=15 April 2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-2115-2|page=233}}</ref>
−
* [[Irrigation]] in the [[Fertile Crescent]]
  
  +
* {{circa}} 6000 BCE: [[Oven]] ([[kiln]]) in [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]])<ref name="Bienkowski">{{cite book|author1=Piotr Bienkowski|author2=Alan Millard|title=Dictionary of the Ancient Near East|accessdate=5 October 2012|date=15 April 2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-2115-2|page=233}}</ref>
  +
* [[Irrigation]] in the [[Fertile Crescent]] ([[Near East]])
 
* [[Beer]] in [[Sumer]], [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]])<ref name="Britannica"/>
  
* [[Beer]] in [[Sumer]], [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]])<ref name="Britannica"/>
−
* [[City]] in [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]])
 +
* [[City]] in [[Sumer]], [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]])
 
* [[Plough]] in [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]])
  
* [[Plough]] in [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]])
  +
* 5200–4700 BCE: [[Wheel]] in Tepe Pardis, [[Iranian Plateau]]<ref name="Potts">{{cite book|title=A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East|author=D. T. Potts|year=2012|page=285}}</ref>
   
 
==5th millennium BCE==
  
==5th millennium BCE==
 
{{HistOfTech}}
  
{{HistOfTech}}
   
  +
* 5000-4500 BCE: [[Lacquer]] in [[China]]<ref>Loewe (1968), 170–171.</ref>
−
* [[Wheel]] in [[Mesopotamia]]
  
  +
* 5000-4500 BCE: [[Oar]] in [[China]]<ref name="deng_oar">Deng, Gang. (1997). ''Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development, c. 2100 B.C.-1900 A.D.'' Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29212-4, p. 22.</ref><ref name="Stark">{{cite book|author=Miriam T. Stark|title=Archaeology of Asia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=z4_bT2SJ-HUC&pg=PA130|accessdate=5 October 2012|date=15 April 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-5303-4|page=130}}</ref>
−
* [[Wheel|Wheel-and-axle combination]] in [[Mesopotamia]]
  
  +
* 5000-4500 BCE: [[Oar|Rowing oar]] in [[China]]<ref name="deng_oar"/>
−
* [[History of beer|Beer]] and [[bread]] in [[Egypt]]
  
  +
* [[Sailing]] in [[Mespotamia|Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]])<ref>Carter, Robert "Boat remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millennia BC"''Antiquity'' Volume 80 No.307 March 2006 [http://oxfordbrookes.academia.edu/documents/0010/3548/Carter_Boats_Antiquity.pdf]</ref>
  +
* [[History of beer|Beer]] in [[Egypt]]
  +
* [[Bread]] in [[Egypt]]
  +
* [[Ancient Egyptian cuisine|Beer and bread]] in [[Egypt]]
 
* [[Bow drill]] in [[Mehrgarh]], [[Pakistan]]<ref name=Kulke&R.>Kulke, Hermann & Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). ''A History of India''. Routledge. 22. ISBN 0415329205.</ref>
  
* [[Bow drill]] in [[Mehrgarh]], [[Pakistan]]<ref name=Kulke&R.>Kulke, Hermann & Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). ''A History of India''. Routledge. 22. ISBN 0415329205.</ref>
  +
* [[Cotton]] at [[Mehrgarh]] (modern [[Pakistan]]) and [[Rakhigarhi]] ([[India]])<ref>Jane McIntosh (2008), ''The Ancient Indus Valley'', p.333</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1006/jasc.2001.0779| title = First Evidence of Cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh, Pakistan: Analysis of Mineralized Fibres from a Copper Bead| journal = Journal of Archaeological Science| volume = 29| issue = 12| pages = 1393–1401| year = 2002| last1 = Moulherat | first1 = C. | last2 = Tengberg | first2 = M. | last3 = Haquet | first3 = J. R. M. F. | last4 = Mille | first4 = B. ̂T. }}</ref>
 
* [[Ice skate]] in [[Scandinavia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article3090363.ece |title=Dashing Finns were first to get their skates on 5,000 years ago |publisher=[[The Times]] |accessdate=2007-12-24}}</ref>
  
* [[Ice skate]] in [[Scandinavia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article3090363.ece |title=Dashing Finns were first to get their skates on 5,000 years ago |publisher=[[The Times]] |accessdate=2007-12-24}}</ref>
  +
* [[Iron]] in [[Iran]]<ref name=ephotos>{{cite journal | last1 = Photos | first1 = E. | year = 1989 | title = The Question of Meteoritic versus Smelted Nickel-Rich Iron: Archaeological Evidence and Experimental Results | journal = World Archaeology | volume = 20 | issue = 3| pages = 403–421 | doi=10.1080/00438243.1989.9980081 | jstor=124562}}</ref>
−
* [[Sailing]] in [[Mespotamia]]<ref>Carter, Robert "Boat remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millennia BC"''Antiquity'' Volume 80 No.307 March 2006 [http://oxfordbrookes.academia.edu/documents/0010/3548/Carter_Boats_Antiquity.pdf]</ref>
  
  +
* 4200–4000 BCE: [[Wheel|Wheel-and-axle combination]] ([[potter's wheel]]) in [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]])<ref name="Potts"/>
   
 
==4th millennium BCE==
  
==4th millennium BCE==
 
* 4000 BCE: [[Canal]] in [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]])
  
* 4000 BCE: [[Canal]] in [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]])
−
* 4000 BCE: [[Cobblestone|Stone]] [[Pavement (material)|paved]] street in [[Ur]], [[Mesopotamia]]
 +
* 4000 BCE: [[Cobblestone]] in [[Ur]], [[Sumer]], [[Mesopotamia]]
  +
* 4000 BCE: [[Pavement (material)|Paved]] street in [[Ur]], [[Sumer]], [[Mesopotamia]]
−
* 3807-3806 BCE: [[Sweet Track|Timber-engineered roadway]] in [[England]]
  
  +
* 4000 BCE: [[Cobblestone|Stone]] [[Pavement (material)|paved]] street in [[Ur]], [[Sumer]], [[Mesopotamia]]
  +
* 3807-3806 BCE: [[Timber trackway|Timber roadway]] at [[Sweet Track]], [[England]]
  +
* 3700–3500 BCE: [[Wheel|Wheeled vehicle]] ([[wagon]]) in [[Uruk#Eanna district|Eanna district]] of [[Uruk]], [[Sumer]], [[Mesopotamia]]<ref name="Palaeohistoria">{{cite journal |last1=Attema |first1=P. A. J. |last2=Los-Weijns |first2=Ma |last3=Pers |first3=N. D. Maring-Van der |title=Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, JEbel Aruda and Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence Of Wheeled Vehicles In Europe And The Near East |journal=Palaeohistoria |date=December 2006 |volume=47/48 |publisher=[[University of Groningen]] |pages=10-28 (11) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqEqjtKJQ3YC&pg=PA11}}</ref>
 
* 3630 BCE: [[Silk]] in [[History of China|China]]
  
* 3630 BCE: [[Silk]] in [[History of China|China]]
−
* 3600 BCE: Free-standing Masonry Architecture at [[Ġgantija]], Gozo, Malta
 +
* 3600 BCE: Free-standing [[masonry]] architecture at [[Ġgantija]], [[Gozo]], [[Malta]]
 
* 3500 BCE: [[Plywood]] in [[History of ancient Egypt|Egypt]]
  
* 3500 BCE: [[Plywood]] in [[History of ancient Egypt|Egypt]]
−
* 3500 BCE: [[Cuneiform script|Writing]] in [[Sumer]]
 +
* {{circa}} 3500 BCE: [[Cuneiform script|Writing]] in [[Sumer]], [[Mesopotamia]]
−
* 3500 BCE: [[Carts]] in [[Sumer]]
 +
* {{circa}} 3400 BCE: [[Cuneiform script|Cuneiform]] in [[Sumer]], [[Mesopotamia]]
  +
* 3400 BCE: [[Opium]] in [[Sumer]], [[Mesopotamia]]<ref name="Brownstein">{{cite journal|author=M J Brownstein|title=A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=June 15, 1993|volume=90|issue=12|pages=5391–5393 |pmc=46725 |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391|pmid=8390660}}</ref><ref name="Frontline">{{cite web|author=PBS Frontline|title=The Opium Kings|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html|year=1997|accessdate=May 16, 2007}}</ref>
−
* 3100 BCE: [[Drainage]] in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] ([[India]]/[[Pakistan]])
  
  +
* {{circa}} 3500 BCE: [[Carts|Cart]] in [[Sumer]], [[Mesopotamia]]* 3100 BCE: [[Drainage]] in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] ([[India]]/[[Pakistan]])
−
* 3000 BCE: Sailing
  
  +
* 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE: [[Perfume]] in [[Indus Valley Civilization]] (modern [[Pakistan]] and [[India]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Agriculture Diversification: Problems and Perspectives|author1=A.K. Sharma|author2= Seema Wahad|author3= Raśmī Śrīvāstava|page=140|publisher=I. K. International Pvt Ltd|year=2010}}</ref>
  +
* 3200 BCE: [[Sail]] in [[Egypt]]<ref name=qaa/><ref name=johnstone>The sea-craft of prehistory, p76, by Paul Johnstone, Routledge, 1980</ref>
  +
* 3200 BC: [[Sailing]] in [[Ancient Egypt]]<ref name=qaa>{{cite web|publisher=''[[Yale]]''|year=2006|title=The Wadi of the Horus Qa-a: A Tableau of Royal Ritual Power in the Theban Western Desert|author=John Coleman Darnell|url=http://www.yale.edu/egyptology/ae_alamat_wadi_horus.htm|accessdate=2010-08-24|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201053044/http://www.yale.edu/egyptology/ae_alamat_wadi_horus.htm|archivedate=2011-02-01|df=}}</ref><ref name=johnstone/>
 
* 3000 BCE: [[Reservoir]] in [[Girnar]], [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref>Rodda & Ubertini (2004), ''The Basis of Civilization--water Science?'', p. 161, International Association of Hydrological Science, ISBN 1901502570</ref>
  
* 3000 BCE: [[Reservoir]] in [[Girnar]], [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref>Rodda & Ubertini (2004), ''The Basis of Civilization--water Science?'', p. 161, International Association of Hydrological Science, ISBN 1901502570</ref>
−
* [[Bronze]]: [[Susa]], [[Iran]]
 +
* [[Bronze]] in [[Susa]], [[Iran]]
 
* [[Comb]] in [[Persia]] ([[History of Iran|Iran]])
  
* [[Comb]] in [[Persia]] ([[History of Iran|Iran]])
 
* [[Cement]] in [[History of ancient Egypt|Egypt]]
  
* [[Cement]] in [[History of ancient Egypt|Egypt]]
 
* River [[boat]]s in [[History of ancient Egypt|Egypt]]
  
* River [[boat]]s in [[History of ancient Egypt|Egypt]]
 
* [[Noodle]] in [[China]]
  
* [[Noodle]] in [[China]]
  +
* [[Pyramid]] ([[ziggurat]]) in [[Mesopotamia]]<ref name="Crawford, page 73">Harriet Crawford, ''Sumer and the Sumerians'', Cambridge University Press, (New York 1993), {{ISBN|0-521-38850-3}}, page 73</ref><ref>{{cite news |quote=It is the largest ziggurat outside of Mesopotamia and the best preserved of this type of stepped pyramidal monument. |title=Tchogha Zanbil |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/113 |access-date=July 15, 2017 |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>
   
 
==3rd millennium BCE==
  
==3rd millennium BCE==
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* 2700 BCE: [[Sanitary sewer]] in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref name=Teresi/>
  
* 2700 BCE: [[Sanitary sewer]] in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref name=Teresi/>
 
* 2700 BCE: [[Sewage collection and disposal]] in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref name=Teresi/>
  
* 2700 BCE: [[Sewage collection and disposal]] in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref name=Teresi/>
  +
* 2700–2300 BCE: [[Abacus]] in [[Sumer]], [[Mesopotamia]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Ifrah | first = Georges | year = 2001 | title = The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer | publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-471-39671-0 | page=11}}</ref>
 
* 2630-2611 BCE: [[Step pyramid]]: [[Imhotep]] in [[Egypt]]
  
* 2630-2611 BCE: [[Step pyramid]]: [[Imhotep]] in [[Egypt]]
 
* 2600s BCE: [[Papyrus]]: [[Imhotep]] in [[Egypt]]
  
* 2600s BCE: [[Papyrus]]: [[Imhotep]] in [[Egypt]]
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* 2400 BCE: [[Dock (maritime)|Dock]] in [[Lothal]], [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref name="RaoQ">Rao, S. R. (1985), ''Lothal'', pp. 27–8, Archaeological Survey of India</ref>
  
* 2400 BCE: [[Dock (maritime)|Dock]] in [[Lothal]], [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref name="RaoQ">Rao, S. R. (1985), ''Lothal'', pp. 27–8, Archaeological Survey of India</ref>
 
* 2400 BCE: [[Ruler]] in [[Lothal]], [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref name=Whitelaw14>Whitelaw, page 14</ref>
  
* 2400 BCE: [[Ruler]] in [[Lothal]], [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref name=Whitelaw14>Whitelaw, page 14</ref>
  +
* 2332-2283 BCE: [[Galley]]: [[Pepi I]] in [[Egypt]]
 
* 2000 BCE: [[Cockfighting]] in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref name=Sherman>Sherman, David M. (2002). ''Tending Animals in the Global Village''. Blackwell Publishing. 46. ISBN 0683180517.</ref>
  
* 2000 BCE: [[Cockfighting]] in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref name=Sherman>Sherman, David M. (2002). ''Tending Animals in the Global Village''. Blackwell Publishing. 46. ISBN 0683180517.</ref>
 
* 2000 BCE: [[Currency]]
  
* 2000 BCE: [[Currency]]
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* [[Alphabet]] in [[Phoenicia]]
  
* [[Alphabet]] in [[Phoenicia]]
 
* [[Ink]] in [[China]]
  
* [[Ink]] in [[China]]
  +
* [[Sewage system]] with [[flush toilet]]s in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] cities of [[Harappa]] and [[Mohenjo-daro]] (modern [[Pakistan]])<ref>Rodda, J.C. and Ubertini, Lucio (2004). The Basis of Civilization – Water Science? p. 161. International Association of Hydrological Sciences (International Association of Hydrological Sciences Press 2004).</ref>
−
* [[Sledges]] in [[Scandinavia]]
  
  +
* [[Sledge]] in [[Egypt]]
 
* [[Ski]] in [[Scandinavia]]<ref name=Britannica/>
  
* [[Ski]] in [[Scandinavia]]<ref name=Britannica/>
   
 
==2nd millennium BCE==
  
==2nd millennium BCE==
 
* {{circa}} 2000 BCE: [[Shaduf]] in [[Egypt]] and [[Mesopotamia]]
  
* {{circa}} 2000 BCE: [[Shaduf]] in [[Egypt]] and [[Mesopotamia]]
−
* {{circa}} 2000 BCE: [[Crane (machine)|Crane]] in [[Egypt]] and [[Mesopotamia]]
 +
* {{circa}} 2000 BCE: [[Crane (machine)|Crane]] (Shaduf) in [[Egypt]] and [[Mesopotamia]]
−
* {{circa}} 2000 BCE: [[pulley|Pulley]] in [[Egypt]] and [[Mesopotamia]]
 +
* {{circa}} 2000 BCE: [[Pulley]] (Shaduf) in [[Egypt]] and [[Mesopotamia]]
  +
* 2000 BCE: [[Counting board]] in [[Sumer]] ([[Mesopotamia]]) and [[Ancient Egypt]]<ref>{{cite book|ref=IFRAHCOMPUTING|title=The Universal History of Computing|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|year=2001|isbn=978-0-471-39671-0|page=11}}</ref>
  +
* 2000 BCE: [[Chariot]] in [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] [[Sintashta culture]] of [[Asian Steppe]] (modern [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Russia]])<ref>David S. Anthony, ''The Horse, The Wheel and Language: How bronze age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world'' (2007), pp. 397-405.</ref>
  +
* 2000 BCE: [[Fraction (mathematics)|Fraction]] in [[Ancient Egypt]]
  +
* 2000 BC: [[Positional notation]] ([[sexagesimal]]) originates from [[Babylonian numerals]] in [[Mesopotamia]]<ref name="Chrisomalis">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=ux--OWgWvBQC&pg=PA247#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= Numerical Notation: A Comparative History|author=Stephen Chrisomalis|page= 247|year= 2010}}</ref>
  +
* 1971-1926 BCE: [[Obelisk]]: [[Senusret I]] in [[Egypt]]
 
* 1900 BCE: [[Veterinary medicine]] in [[ancient Egypt]] and [[Vedic period|Vedic India]]<ref>Thrusfield, page 2</ref>
  
* 1900 BCE: [[Veterinary medicine]] in [[ancient Egypt]] and [[Vedic period|Vedic India]]<ref>Thrusfield, page 2</ref>
  +
* 1800 BC: [[Steel]] in [[Kaman-Kalehöyük]], [[Asia Minor]] (modern [[Turkey]])<ref>{{cite journal |last=Akanuma|first=H.|title=The significance of the composition of excavated iron fragments taken from Stratum III at the site of Kaman-Kalehöyük, Turkey |journal=Anatolian Archaeological Studies |volume=14 |pages=147–158 |year=2005 |publisher=Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology |place=Tokyo}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ironware piece unearthed from Turkey found to be oldest steel |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200903261611.htm |accessdate=2009-03-27 |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |date=2009-03-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329111924/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200903261611.htm |archivedate=2009-03-29 |df= }}</ref>
  +
* 1700 BC: [[Alphabet]] ([[Phoenician alphabet]]) in [[Phoenicia]] (modern [[Lebanon]])<ref name="whoinvented.blogspot.com.au">{{cite web|url=http://whoinvented.blogspot.com//2008/05/inventions-2nd-millennium-bc-2000-bc-to.html.|title=World's Greatest Inventions|author=|date=|website=whoinvented.blogspot.com|accessdate=26 March 2018}}</ref>
  +
* 1600 BC: [[Water clock]] by Amenemhet in [[Ancient Egypt]]<ref>{{Cite book| last = Berlev | first = Oleg | editor = Donadoni, Sergio | others = Trans. Bianchi, Robert et al. | title = The Egyptians | year = 1997 | publisher = The University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago, IL | isbn = 0-226-15555-2 | chapter = Bureaucrats|oclc=35808323|page=18}}</ref>
  +
* 1500 BC: [[Sundial]] at [[Valley of the Kings]] during [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt]]<ref name="One of world's oldest sundials dug up in Kings' Valley, Upper Egypt">[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/03/130314085052.htm One of world's oldest sundials dug up in Kings' Valley, Upper Egypt]</ref>
  +
* 1500 BC: [[Seed drill]] in [[Babylonia]], [[Mesopotamia]]<ref name="ReferenceA">History Channel, ''Where Did It Come From?'' Episode: "Ancient China: Agriculture"</ref>
  +
* 1500 BC: [[Coins]] in [[Phoenicia]] (modern Lebanon) or [[Lydia]]<ref>http://www.michaelppowers.com/prosperity/coins.htm.</ref>
 
* 1500-400 BCE: [[Kabaddi]] in [[India]]<ref name=Alter88>Alter, page 88</ref>
  
* 1500-400 BCE: [[Kabaddi]] in [[India]]<ref name=Alter88>Alter, page 88</ref>
 
* 1300–1000 BCE: [[Zinc]] in [[India]]<ref name=Craddock>Craddock, P. T. et al. (1983), "Zinc production in medieval India", ''World Archaeology'' '''15''' (2), Industrial Archaeology, p. 13</ref>
  
* 1300–1000 BCE: [[Zinc]] in [[India]]<ref name=Craddock>Craddock, P. T. et al. (1983), "Zinc production in medieval India", ''World Archaeology'' '''15''' (2), Industrial Archaeology, p. 13</ref>
Line 147: Line 184:
 
* {{circa}} 1000 BCE: [[Underfloor heating]]: [[Ondol]] in [[Korea]]<ref name=Ondol/>
  
* {{circa}} 1000 BCE: [[Underfloor heating]]: [[Ondol]] in [[Korea]]<ref name=Ondol/>
 
* {{circa}} 1000 BCE: [[Dike (construction)|Dike]] in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref name=Koppel217>Koppel (2007), page 217</ref>
  
* {{circa}} 1000 BCE: [[Dike (construction)|Dike]] in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref name=Koppel217>Koppel (2007), page 217</ref>
−
* [[Iron]] in [[History of India|India]], [[Anatolia]], and [[Caucasus]]
  
 
* [[Perfume]]: [[Tapputi]] in [[Mesopotamia]]
  
* [[Perfume]]: [[Tapputi]] in [[Mesopotamia]]
 
* [[Bronze Age sword]] in [[Mesopotamia]]
  
* [[Bronze Age sword]] in [[Mesopotamia]]
Line 154: Line 190:
 
* [[Ratha|Spoked-wheel chariot]]: [[Indo-Iranians]]
  
* [[Ratha|Spoked-wheel chariot]]: [[Indo-Iranians]]
 
* [[Water clock]] in [[History of ancient Egypt|Egypt]]
  
* [[Water clock]] in [[History of ancient Egypt|Egypt]]
−
* [[Iron Age sword]] [[Proto-Celtic]]
  
 
* [[Bell (instrument)|Bells]] in [[History of China|China]]
  
* [[Bell (instrument)|Bells]] in [[History of China|China]]
 
* [[Fork]] in [[China]]<ref>Needham (1986), volume 6 part 5 105-106</ref>
  
* [[Fork]] in [[China]]<ref>Needham (1986), volume 6 part 5 105-106</ref>
Line 160: Line 195:
 
* [[Calibration]] in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref name=Baber_b>Zaheer Baber (1996), ''The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India'', p. 23, [[State University of New York Press]], ISBN 0791429199</ref>
  
* [[Calibration]] in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref name=Baber_b>Zaheer Baber (1996), ''The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India'', p. 23, [[State University of New York Press]], ISBN 0791429199</ref>
 
* [[Metrology]] in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref name=Baber_b/>
  
* [[Metrology]] in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref name=Baber_b/>
  +
* 1000 BC: [[Qanat]] (water system with [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueducts]]) in [[Iran]]<ref>"Review of Ancient Wisdom of Qanat, and Suggestions for Future Water Management" (PDF). www.e-sciencecentral.org. p. 57.</ref><ref>"APPLICATION OF TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE AS SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO MITIGATION OF SHORTAGE WATER SUPPLY IN DESERT REGIONS" (PDF). universitypublications.net. p. 125.</ref>
   
 
==1st millennium BCE==
  
==1st millennium BCE==
  +
* [[Cautery#History|Cautery]] in [[Asia Minor]]<ref name=Rome>[http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/library/wdc-lib/historical/artifacts/roman_surgical/ Surgical Instruments from Ancient Rome]</ref>
  +
* [[Speculum (medical)|Speculum]] in [[Asia Minor]]<ref name=Rome/>
  +
* [[Scissors|Cross-bladed scissors]] in [[Asia Minor]]<ref name=Rome/><ref name=Surgery>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7137224.stm Roman period surgery set on show], [[BBC]]</ref>
  +
* [[Surgical needle]] in [[Asia Minor]]<ref name=Rome/>
  +
* [[Catapult]] in [[ancient Near East]]
  +
* [[South Pointing Chariot]] in [[China]]
  +
* [[Differential (mechanical device)|Differential gear]] in [[China]]
  +
* [[Flash lock]] in [[China]]
  +
* [[Bookbinding]] in [[History of India|India]]
  +
* [[Blowgun]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=White521>[[Lynn Townsend White, Jr.]] (April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology", ''The American Historical Review'' '''65''' (3), p. 521.</ref>
  +
* [[Indigo dye]] in [[India]]<ref name=k&c>Kriger, Colleen E. & Connah, Graham (2006), ''Cloth in West African History'', p. 120, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 0759104220</ref>
  +
* [[Iron]] [[pellet]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=White521/>
  +
* [[Jute]] in [[Bengal]]<ref name=ebjute>''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' (2008), "jute"</ref>
  +
* [[Prayer flags]] in [[History of India|India]]
  +
* [[Rut (roads)|Rutway]] in [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Persia]]
  +
* [[Toothbrush]]: [[Neem]] in [[History of India|India]]
  +
* [[Foresail]]: [[Phoenicia]]ns<ref name="phoenician_sailing">[http://www.csc.kth.se/~cgjoh/ambssailing.pdf]</ref>
  +
* Two-[[Mast (sailing)|masted]] ship: [[Phoenicia]]ns<ref name="phoenician_sailing"/>
  +
* [[Bireme]] ship: [[Phoenicia]]ns<ref name="phoenician_sailing"/>
  +
* [[Double-decker]] ship: [[Phoenicia]]ns ([[bireme]])<ref name="phoenician_sailing"/>
  +
  +
===8th century BCE===
  +
* [[Sugar]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]<ref name=gr1>{{cite book |title=Something about sugar: its history, growth, manufacture and distribution |first=George |last=Rolph |year=1873 |url=https://archive.org/details/somethingaboutsu00rolprich|location=San Francisco|publisher= J.J. Newbegin }}</ref>
  +
* 704 BC to 681 BC: [[Screw pump]] at the [[Hanging Gardens of Babylon]] or [[Nineveh]] in [[Mesopotamia]]<ref>Stephanie Dalley, ''The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced'', (2013), OUP {{ISBN|978-0-19-966226-5}}</ref><ref name=DO>{{cite journal|last1=Dalley|first1=Stephanie|last2=Oleson|first2=John Peter|date=2003|title= Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient World|pages=1–26|journal=[[Technology and Culture]]|volume=44|issue=1|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/40151/|doi=10.1353/tech.2003.0011}}</ref>
  +
  +
===7th century BCE===
 
* {{circa}} 700 BCE: [[Chain]] in [[Mesopotamia]]
  
* {{circa}} 700 BCE: [[Chain]] in [[Mesopotamia]]
 
* {{circa}} 700 BCE: [[Chain pump]] in [[Babylonia]]<ref>[[Joseph Needham]], ''Science and Civilisation in China'' 4(2) (1965), p. 352.</ref>
  
* {{circa}} 700 BCE: [[Chain pump]] in [[Babylonia]]<ref>[[Joseph Needham]], ''Science and Civilisation in China'' 4(2) (1965), p. 352.</ref>
Line 167: Line 229:
 
* {{circa}} 700 BCE: [[Screw pump]]: [[Sennacherib]] in [[Mesopotamia]]
  
* {{circa}} 700 BCE: [[Screw pump]]: [[Sennacherib]] in [[Mesopotamia]]
 
* {{circa}} 700 BCE: [[Water screw]]: [[Sennacherib]] in [[Mesopotamia]]
  
* {{circa}} 700 BCE: [[Water screw]]: [[Sennacherib]] in [[Mesopotamia]]
  +
* 700 BC: [[Chain pump]] in [[Babylonia]], [[Mesopotamia]]<ref>[[Joseph Needham]], ''Science and Civilisation in China'' 4(2) (1965), p. 352.</ref>
  +
  +
=== 6th century BCE===
 
* {{circa}} 600 BCE: [[Chopsticks]] in [[China]]
  
* {{circa}} 600 BCE: [[Chopsticks]] in [[China]]
  +
* 600 BC [[Lighthouse]] in Egypt<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://whoinvented.blogspot.com.au/2008/05/1st-millennium-bc-encompasses-iron-age.html|title=World's Greatest Inventions: Inventions: 1st millennium BC (1000 BC to 1 BC)|first=|last=Everwondered?|date=31 May 2008|website=whoinvented.blogspot.com.au|accessdate=26 March 2018}}</ref>
−
* 500s BCE: [[Sugar]] in [[History of India|India]]
  
  +
* [[Sugar]] in [[History of India|India]]
−
* 500s BCE: [[Prosthodontics|Dental bridge]] in [[Etruscan civilization|Etruria]]
  
  +
* [[Prosthodontics|Dental bridge]] in [[Etruscan civilization|Etruria]]
−
* 500s BCE: [[Kite]]: [[Lu Ban]] in [[China]]
  
−
* 500s BCE: [[Plastic surgery]]: [[Sushruta]] in [[History of India|India]]
 +
* [[Kite]]: [[Lu Ban]] in [[China]]
−
* 500s BCE: [[Cosmetic surgery]]: [[Sushruta]] in [[History of India|India]]
 +
* [[Plastic surgery]]: [[Sushruta]] in [[History of India|India]]
−
* 500s BCE: [[Rhinoplasty]]: [[Sushruta]] in [[History of India|India]]
 +
* [[Cosmetic surgery]]: [[Sushruta]] in [[History of India|India]]
−
* 500s BCE: [[Cataract surgery]]: [[Sushruta]]<ref name=finger66>Finger (2001), page 66</ref> in [[History of India|India]]
 +
* [[Rhinoplasty]]: [[Sushruta]] in [[History of India|India]]
  +
* [[Cataract surgery]]: [[Sushruta]]<ref name=finger66>Finger (2001), page 66</ref> in [[History of India|India]]
−
* 500s BCE: [[Rotary mill]] by [[Phoenicia]]ns in [[Carthage]] [http://www.academia.edu/1070900/S._Wefers_Still_using_your_saddle_quern_A_compilation_of_the_oldest_known_rotary_querns_in_western_Europe]
  
−
* {{circa}} 500s BCE: [[Rotary quern]] by [[Phoenicia]]ns [http://www.academia.edu/1070900/S._Wefers_Still_using_your_saddle_quern_A_compilation_of_the_oldest_known_rotary_querns_in_western_Europe]
 +
* [[Rotary mill]]: [[Phoenicia]]ns in [[Carthage]] [http://www.academia.edu/1070900/S._Wefers_Still_using_your_saddle_quern_A_compilation_of_the_oldest_known_rotary_querns_in_western_Europe]
  +
* [[Rotary quern]]: [[Phoenicia]]ns [http://www.academia.edu/1070900/S._Wefers_Still_using_your_saddle_quern_A_compilation_of_the_oldest_known_rotary_querns_in_western_Europe]
−
* 500s BCE: [[Sakia]] in [[Persian Egypt]]
  
  +
* [[Crank (mechanism)|Crank]] motion: [[Phoenicia]]ns (rotary mill/quern)
−
* 500s BCE: [[Working animal|Animal-powered]] [[Water wheel|water wheel]] in [[Persian Egypt]]
  
  +
* [[Sakia]] in [[Persian Egypt]]
  +
* [[Working animal|Animal-powered]] [[Water wheel|water wheel]] in [[Persian Egypt]]
  +
* [[Crucible steel]] ([[wootz steel]]) in [[South India]] and [[Sri Lanka]]<ref>{{cite journal |first=Sharada |last=Srinivasan |date=15 November 1994 |title=Wootz crucible steel: a newly discovered production site in South India |journal=Papers from the Institute of Archaeology |volume=5 |pages=49–59 |doi=10.5334/pia.60}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Herbert Henery |last=Coghlan |year=1977 |title=Notes on prehistoric and early iron in the Old World |pages=99–100 |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Pitt Rivers Museum]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=B. |last=Sasisekharan |year=1999 |url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b66_263.pdf |title=Technology of Iron and Steel in Kodumanal |journal=[[Indian Journal of History of Science]] |volume=34 |number=4 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724033115/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b66_263.pdf |archivedate=24 July 2015}}</ref>
  +
  +
===5th century BCE===
  +
* [[Crossbow]] in [[History of China#Ancient China|Ancient China]]: In Ancient China, the earliest evidence of bronze [[History of crossbows|crossbow]] bolts dates as early as the mid-5th century BC in Yutaishan, [[Hubei]].<ref>Wagner (1993), 153, 157–158.</ref>
  +
* 500-100 BCE: [[Hallux|Big-toe]] [[stirrup]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Chamberlin80>Chamberlin (2007), page 80</ref><ref>[[Lynn Townsend White, Jr.]] (April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology", ''The American Historical Review'' '''65''' (3), p. 516.</ref>
  +
* 403-221 BCE: [[Cupola furnace]] in [[China]]<ref name="pigott">Pigott, Vincent C. (1999). ''The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 0-924171-34-0, p. 191.</ref>
  +
* 403-221 BCE: [[Foundry]] in [[China]]<ref name="pigott"/>
  +
  +
=== 5th century BCE===
 
* 500 BCE: Iron [[plough]] in [[China]]
  
* 500 BCE: Iron [[plough]] in [[China]]
  +
* 500 BCE: Heavy [[plough]] in [[China]]
 
* {{circa}} 500 BCE: [[Royal Road]] in [[Persia (Index)|Persian Empire]]
  
* {{circa}} 500 BCE: [[Royal Road]] in [[Persia (Index)|Persian Empire]]
 
* {{circa}} 500 BCE: [[History of Globalization|Highway]] in [[Persia (Index)|Persian Empire]]
  
* {{circa}} 500 BCE: [[History of Globalization|Highway]] in [[Persia (Index)|Persian Empire]]
−
* 500-100 BCE: [[Hallux|Big-toe]] [[stirrup]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Chamberlin80>Chamberlin (2007), page 80</ref><ref>[[Lynn Townsend White, Jr.]] (April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology", ''The American Historical Review'' '''65''' (3), p. 516.</ref>
  
 
* 499-477 BCE: [[Horse collar]] in [[China]]<ref>Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 319&ndash;323.</ref>
  
* 499-477 BCE: [[Horse collar]] in [[China]]<ref>Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 319&ndash;323.</ref>
 
* 475 BCE: [[Scythed Chariot]]: [[Ajatashatru]] in [[History of India|India]]
  
* 475 BCE: [[Scythed Chariot]]: [[Ajatashatru]] in [[History of India|India]]
−
* 400s BCE: [[Linguistics]]: [[Pāṇini]] in [[India]]<ref name=Ivic>''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' (2008), "Linguistics"</ref>
 +
* [[Linguistics]]: [[Pāṇini]] in [[India]]<ref name=Ivic>''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' (2008), "Linguistics"</ref>
−
* 400s BCE: Traction [[trebuchet]] in [[China]]
 +
* Traction [[trebuchet]] in [[China]]
  +
* [[Cast iron]] in [[China]]<ref name="wagner 7 36 37 64 68">Wagner (2001), 7, 36–37, 64–68.</ref><ref>Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais (2006), 30.</ref><ref>Gernet (1996), 69.</ref><ref>Wagner (1993), 335.</ref><ref name="pigott 1999 177">Pigott (1999), 177.</ref>
−
* 400s BCE: [[Cast iron]] in [[China]]
  
−
* 400s BCE: [[Crossbow]] in [[China]]
 +
* [[Crossbow]] in [[China]]
−
* {{circa}} 400s BCE: [[Lever]] in [[Egypt]] and [[China]]
 +
* [[Lever]] in [[Egypt]] and [[China]]
  +
−
* 300s BCE: [[Water wheel]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Needham>[[Joseph Needham]] (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2'', p. 361. [[Taipei]]: Caves Books, Ltd.</ref>
  
  +
=== 4th century BCE===
−
* 300s BCE: [[Hydropower]]ed [[water wheel]] in [[Egypt]]
  
  +
* [[Water wheel]] in [[ancient Near East]],<ref name="Selin">{{cite book |last1=Selin |first1=Helaine |title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9789401714167 |page=282 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzjpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA282}}</ref><ref name=Wikander>{{Cite book|contribution=Chapter 6: Sources of Energy and Exploitation of Power|author=Örjan Wikander| author-link = Örjan Wikander|title=The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World|editor=John Peter Oleson|editor-link=John Peter Oleson|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-518731-1|pages=141–2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Evolution of Water Lifting Devices (Pumps) over the Centuries Worldwide|author=Stavros I. Yannopoulos, Gerasimos Lyberatos, Nicolaos Theodossiou, Wang Li, Mohammad Valipour, Aldo Tamburrino, Andreas N. Angelakis|journal=Water|year=2015|volume=7|issue=9|pages=5031–5060|publisher=[[MDPI]]|doi=10.3390/w7095031}}</ref> and [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Needham>[[Joseph Needham]] (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2'', p. 361. [[Taipei]]: Caves Books, Ltd.</ref>
−
* 300s BCE: [[Watermill]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Needham/> and [[Egypt]]
  
−
* 300s BCE: [[Noria]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Needham/> and [[Egypt]]
 +
* [[Hydropower]]ed [[water wheel]] in [[Egypt]]
−
* 300s BCE: [[Compass]] in [[History of China|China]]
 +
* [[Watermill]] in [[Persian Empire]],<ref name="Selin"/> [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Needham/> and [[Egypt]]
  +
* [[Noria]] in [[Ancient Egypt]]<ref name=Miranda>{{Cite book|title=Water architecture in the lands of Syria: the water-wheels|author=Adriana de Miranda|publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider|year=2007|isbn=88-8265-433-8|pages=38–9}}</ref> and [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Needham/>
−
* 300s BCE: [[Star catalogue]]s: [[Gan De]] and [[Shi Shen]]
  
−
* 300s BCE: [[India ink]] in [[History of India|India]]
 +
* [[Compass]] in [[History of China|China]]
  +
* [[Star catalogue]]s: [[Gan De]] and [[Shi Shen]]
  +
* [[India ink]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Juleff>Juleff 1996</ref>
  +
  +
=== 3rd century BCE===
 
* c. 300 BCE: [[Wootz steel]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Ranganathan>Srinivasan & Ranganathan</ref>
  
* c. 300 BCE: [[Wootz steel]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Ranganathan>Srinivasan & Ranganathan</ref>
−
* 300 BCE: [[Crucible steel]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Juleff>Juleff 1996</ref>
 +
* 300 BCE: [[Crucible steel]] in [[History of India|India]]
−
* 300-100 BCE: [[Blast furnace]] in [[China]]
 +
* 300-100 BCE: [[Pig iron]] in [[China]]
−
* 300-100 BCE: [[Cupola furnace]] in [[China]]
 +
* 285 BCE: [[Suspension bridge]] in [[China]]
  +
* 283-250 BCE: [[Lock (water transport)|Canal lock]] and [[pound lock]] in [[Ancient Suez Canal]], [[Egypt]]<ref>Moore, Frank Gardner (1950): "Three Canal Projects, Roman and Byzantine", ''[[American Journal of Archaeology]]'', Vol. 54, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;97–111 (99–101)</ref><ref>Froriep, Siegfried (1986): "Ein Wasserweg in Bithynien. Bemühungen der Römer, Byzantiner und Osmanen", ''Antike Welt'', 2nd Special Edition, pp.&nbsp;39–50 (46)</ref><ref>Schörner, Hadwiga (2000): "Künstliche Schiffahrtskanäle in der Antike. Der sogenannte antike Suez-Kanal", ''Skyllis'', Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;28–43 (33–35, 39)</ref>
−
* 300-100 BCE: [[Pig iron]] in [[China]]
  
  +
* 210 BCE: [[Chromium]] use in [[China]]
−
* 200s BCE: [[Diamond (gemstone)|Diamond gemstone]] in [[India]]<ref name=Encarta11>''MSN [[Encarta]]'' (2007), [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557986/Diamond.html ''Diamond'']</ref>
  
−
* 200s BCE: [[Clockwork]] in [[Egypt]]<ref name="Lewis 2000 356f.">{{Citation
 +
* 205-200 BCE: [[Dry dock]] in [[Egypt]]
  +
* 202-201 BCE: [[Bellows]] in [[China]]
  +
* [[Blast furnace]] in [[Sri Lanka]]<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/06/science/ancient-smelter-used-wind-to-make-high-grade-steel.html John Noble Wilford, "Ancient Smelter Used Wind To Make High-Grade Steel", ''New York Times'', 6 February 1996.</ref> and [[China]]<ref name="wagner 7 36 37 64 68"/><ref>Pigott (1999), 183–184.</ref>
  +
* [[Diamond (gemstone)|Diamond gemstone]] in [[India]]<ref name=Encarta11>''MSN [[Encarta]]'' (2007), [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557986/Diamond.html ''Diamond'']</ref>
  +
* [[Clockwork]] in [[Egypt]]<ref name="Lewis 2000 356f.">{{Citation
 
| last = Lewis
  
| last = Lewis
 
| first = Michael
  
| first = Michael
Line 216: Line 300:
 
| pages = 343–369 (356f.)
  
| pages = 343–369 (356f.)
 
| isbn = 90-04-11123-9}}</ref> and [[China]]
  
| isbn = 90-04-11123-9}}</ref> and [[China]]
−
* 200s BCE: Clockwork [[escapement]] mechanism in [[Egypt]]<ref name="Lewis 2000 356f.">{{Citation
 +
* Clockwork [[escapement]] mechanism in [[Egypt]]<ref name="Lewis 2000 356f.">{{Citation
 
| last = Lewis
  
| last = Lewis
 
| first = Michael
  
| first = Michael
Line 229: Line 313:
 
| pages = 343–369 (356f.)
  
| pages = 343–369 (356f.)
 
| isbn = 90-04-11123-9}}</ref>
  
| isbn = 90-04-11123-9}}</ref>
−
* 200s BCE: [[Hydropower]]ed [[Sakia]] in [[Egypt]]
 +
* [[Hydropower]]ed [[Sakia]] in [[Egypt]]
−
* 285 BCE: [[Suspension bridge]] in [[China]]
 +
* [[Odometer]]: [[Archimedes]]?
  +
* [[Cashmere wool]] in [[India]]<ref>''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' (2008), "cashmere"</ref>
−
* 210 BCE: [[Chromium]] use in [[China]]
  
−
* 200s BCE: [[Odometer]]: [[Archimedes]]?
 +
* [[Contour canal]]: [[Shi Lu]] in [[China]]
  +
* [[Lock (water transport)|Lock gate]] in [[China]]
−
* 200s BCE: [[Cashmere wool]] in [[India]]<ref>''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' (2008), "cashmere"</ref>
  
  +
* [[Stupa]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Ency/>
−
* 200s BCE: [[Contour canal]]: [[Shi Lu]] in [[China]]
  
  +
* [[Pagoda]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Ency>''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' (2008), "Pagoda"</ref>
−
* 200s BCE: [[Lock (water transport)|Lock gate]] in [[China]]
  
−
* 200s BCE: [[Stupa]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Ency/>
 +
* [[Gear]] in [[Egypt]] and [[China]]
  +
* [[Gear train]] in [[Egypt]] and [[China]]
−
* 200s BCE: [[Pagoda]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Ency>''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' (2008), "Pagoda"</ref>
  
  +
* [[Valve]] tower [[sluice]] in [[Sri Lanka]]<ref>[http://www.slageconr.net/slsnet/9thicsls/individual/abs164.pdf B. H. M. W. Bohingamuwa (2000): "The water regulation technology of ancient Sri Lankan reservoirs: The Bisokotuwa sluice", p164.]</ref>
−
* 200s BCE: [[Gear]] in [[Egypt]] and [[China]]
  
  +
* [[Cam]] in [[Hellenistic world]], used in water-driven [[automata]].<ref>[[Andrew Wilson (classical archaeologist)|Wilson, Andrew]] (2002): "Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy", ''[[The Journal of Roman Studies]]'', Vol. 92, pp.&nbsp;1–32 (16) {{jstor|3184857}}</ref>
−
* 200s BCE: [[Gear train]] in [[Egypt]] and [[China]]
  
  +
* [[Escapement#Liquid-driven escapements|Liquid-driven escapement]] in [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic kingdoms]] described by [[Philo of Byzantium]] (c. 280 – 220 BC)<ref>[[John Peter Oleson|Oleson, John Peter]] (2000): "Water-Lifting", in: [[Örjan Wikander|Wikander, Örjan]]: "Handbook of Ancient Water Technology", Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, {{ISBN|90-04-11123-9}}, pp.&nbsp;217–302 (233)</ref>
−
* 202-1 BCE: [[Bellows]] in [[China]]
  
  +
* [[Sakia]] in [[Egypt]]<ref name=Miranda/>
  +
  +
=== 2nd century BCE===
 
* 150s BCE: [[Astrolabe]] in Eastern [[Mediterranean]]
  
* 150s BCE: [[Astrolabe]] in Eastern [[Mediterranean]]
−
* 100s BCE: [[Parchment]] in [[Pergamon]], [[Asia Minor]]
 +
* [[Parchment]] in [[Pergamon]], [[Asia Minor]]
  +
* [[Wheelbarrow]] in [[China]]<ref>Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 263&ndash;267.</ref>
−
* 500 BCE: Heavy [[plough]] in [[China]]
  
  +
−
* 100s BCE: [[Wheelbarrow]] in [[China]]<ref>Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 263&ndash;267.</ref>
  
  +
=== 1st century BCE===
 
* 100 BCE: [[Trip hammer]] in [[China]]
  
* 100 BCE: [[Trip hammer]] in [[China]]
 
* 52 BCE: [[Armillary sphere]]: Geng Shouchang in [[China]]
  
* 52 BCE: [[Armillary sphere]]: Geng Shouchang in [[China]]
 
* 21 BCE: Collapsable [[umbrella]]: [[Wang Mang]]<ref>Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 70&ndash;71.</ref>
  
* 21 BCE: Collapsable [[umbrella]]: [[Wang Mang]]<ref>Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 70&ndash;71.</ref>
−
* [[Cautery#History|Cautery]] in [[Asia Minor]]<ref name=Rome>[http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/library/wdc-lib/historical/artifacts/roman_surgical/ Surgical Instruments from Ancient Rome]</ref>
  
−
* [[Speculum (medical)|Speculum]] in [[Asia Minor]]<ref name=Rome/>
  
−
* [[Scissors|Cross-bladed scissors]] in [[Asia Minor]]<ref name=Rome/><ref name=Surgery>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7137224.stm Roman period surgery set on show], [[BBC]]</ref>
  
−
* [[Surgical needle]] in [[Asia Minor]]<ref name=Rome/>
  
−
* [[Catapult]] in [[ancient Near East]]
  
−
* [[South Pointing Chariot]] in [[China]]
  
−
* [[Differential (mechanical device)|Differential gear]] in [[China]]
  
−
* [[Flash lock]] in [[China]]
  
−
* [[Bookbinding]] in [[History of India|India]]
  
−
* [[Blowgun]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=White521>[[Lynn Townsend White, Jr.]] (April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology", ''The American Historical Review'' '''65''' (3), p. 521.</ref>
  
−
* [[Indigo dye]] in [[India]]<ref name=k&c>Kriger, Colleen E. & Connah, Graham (2006), ''Cloth in West African History'', p. 120, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 0759104220</ref>
  
−
* [[Iron]] [[pellet]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=White521/>
  
−
* [[Jute]] in [[Bengal]]<ref name=ebjute>''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' (2008), "jute"</ref>
  
−
* [[Prayer flags]] in [[History of India|India]]
  
−
* [[Rut (roads)|Rutway]] in [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Persia]]
  
−
* [[Toothbrush]]: [[Neem]] in [[History of India|India]]
  
   
 
==1st millennium CE==
  
==1st millennium CE==
  +
===1st century===
  +
* 38 CE: [[Hydraulics|Hydraulic-powered]] [[bellows]]: [[Du Shi]]
  +
* 50 CE: Mouldboard [[plough]] in [[China]] and [[Gaul]]
  +
* 77 CE: [[Encyclopedia]] (comprehensive work): [[Pliny the Elder]]<ref name=Britannica/>
  +
* [[Junk (ship)|Junk ship]] in [[China]]
  +
* Junk [[rudder]] in [[China]]<ref>Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 649&ndash;650.</ref>
  +
* The [[aeolipile]], a simple [[steam turbine]] recorded by [[Hero of Alexandria]] in [[Roman Egypt]]<ref>"turbine." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 18 July 2007 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45691>.</ref>
 
* 1-500: [[Fore-and-aft rig]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Watkins/>
  
* 1-500: [[Fore-and-aft rig]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Watkins/>
 
* 1-500: [[Kamal]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref>[http://indiancalculus.info Ancient Indian use of Kamal]</ref>
  
* 1-500: [[Kamal]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref>[http://indiancalculus.info Ancient Indian use of Kamal]</ref>
Line 282: Line 361:
 
* 78-139: [[Hydraulics|Hydraulic-powered]] [[armillary sphere]]: [[Zhang Heng]]
  
* 78-139: [[Hydraulics|Hydraulic-powered]] [[armillary sphere]]: [[Zhang Heng]]
 
* 78-139: [[Seismometer]]: [[Zhang Heng]]
  
* 78-139: [[Seismometer]]: [[Zhang Heng]]
  +
* 1st century: [[Vending machines]] invented by [[Hero of Alexandria]] in Roman Egypt
  +
* 1st century: [[Automatic door]]s invented by [[Hero of Alexandria]] in Roman Egypt
  +
  +
===2nd century===
  +
* 105: [[Paper]]: [[Cai Lun]] in [[China]]<ref>[http://www.baph.org.uk/general%20reference/Paper%20-%20one%20of%20the%20most%20important%20inventions%20of%20the%20last%20two%20millennia..htm Paper - one of the most important inventions of the last two millennia]</ref>
  +
* 132: Rudimentary [[Seismometer]]: [[Zhang Heng]] in [[China]]
  +
* 180: [[Fan (mechanical)|Rotary fan]]: Ding Huan in [[China]]
  +
* 180: [[Winnowing]] fan: Ding Huan in [[China]]
  +
* [[Steam power]] in [[Egypt]]
  +
* [[Vending machine]] in [[Egypt]]
  +
* [[Force pump]] in [[Egypt]]
  +
* [[Carding]] in [[India]]<ref name=Baber1>Zaheer Baber (1996), ''The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India'', p. 57, [[State University of New York Press]], ISBN 0791429199</ref>
  +
  +
  +
===3rd century===
  +
* [[Kongming lantern]] ([[Hot air balloon]]) in [[China]]
  +
* [[Hospital|Proto-hospital]]: [[w:c:islam:Bimaristan|Bimaristan]] at the [[Academy of Gondishapur]], [[Persia]]
 
* 200-400: [[Stepwell]] in [[India]]<ref name=L&B2>Livingston, Morna & Beach, Milo (2002), ''Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India'', p. 19, Princeton Architectural Press, ISBN 1568983247</ref>
  
* 200-400: [[Stepwell]] in [[India]]<ref name=L&B2>Livingston, Morna & Beach, Milo (2002), ''Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India'', p. 19, Princeton Architectural Press, ISBN 1568983247</ref>
  +
  +
===4th century===
  +
* [[Iron pillar]] in [[Delhi]], [[India]]
  +
* [[Corrosion]]-resistant [[iron]]: [[Iron pillar of Delhi]] in [[India]]<ref>R. Balasubramaniam (2000), [http://home.iitk.ac.in/%7Ebala/journalpaper/journal/journalpaper_17.pdf On the Corrosion Resistance of the Delhi Iron Pillar], ''Corrosion Science'' '''42''': 2103-29</ref>
  +
* [[Toothpaste]] in [[Roman Egypt]]
  +
  +
===5th century===
  +
* [[Horse collar]] in [[China]]
  +
* 500: [[Cotton gin]] in [[Ajanta Caves]] of western [[India]]<ref>{{cite book|ref=Lakwete|author=Lakwete, Angela|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOMaGVnPfBcC |title=Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America|place= Baltimore|publisher= The Johns Hopkins University Press|year= 2003|isbn=9780801873942}}</ref><ref>Zaheer Baber (1996), ''The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India'', pp. 56-7, [[State University of New York Press]], ISBN 0791429199</ref>
  +
  +
===6th century===
  +
* 589: [[Toilet paper]]: [[Yan Zhitui]] in [[China]]
  +
* [[Chess]]: [[Chaturanga]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Britannica1>''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' (2002), "Chess: Ancient precursors and related games"</ref>
  +
* [[Ludo]]: [[Pachisi]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=EncartaP>MSN Encarta (2008). [http://encarta.co.uk/encyclopedia_781530306/Pachisi.html ''Pachisi''].</ref>
  +
* [[Incense clock]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Schafer161>Schafer (1963), pages 160-161</ref><ref name=Bedini69>Bedini (1994), pages 69-80</ref>
  +
* [[Ludo]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=EncartaP>''MSN [[Encarta]]'' (2008), [http://encarta.co.uk/encyclopedia_781530306/Pachisi.html Pachisi]</ref>
 
* 500-800: [[Lateen]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Watkins>Ronald Watkins. ''Unknown Seas'', p. 15.</ref>
  
* 500-800: [[Lateen]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Watkins>Ronald Watkins. ''Unknown Seas'', p. 15.</ref>
  +
* 6th century: [[Chess]] ([[chaturanga]]) in [[Gupta India]]<ref>{{cite book| author=Murray, H. J. R.| title=A History of Chess| publisher=Benjamin Press (originally published by Oxford University Press)| year=1913| isbn=0-936317-01-9| oclc=13472872| authorlink=H. J. R. Murray}}</ref>
  +
  +
=== 7th century===
  +
* 605: [[Zhaozhou Bridge|Fully-stone open-spandrel segmental arch bridge]]: Li Chun in [[China]]
  +
* 618-700: [[Porcelain]] in [[History of China|China]]
  +
* 618-907: [[Water-power]]ed [[Fan (mechanical)|rotary fan]] in [[China]]
  +
* 650: [[Windmill]] ([[Panemone windmill]]) in [[Islamic Persia]]<ref name="ReferenceB" />
  +
* 673: [[Flamethrower]]: [[Callinicus|Kallinikos]] of [[Baalbek|Heliopolis]] in [[Syria]] ("[[Greek fire]]")
 
* 623-632: [[Ambulance]]: [[Muhammad]] in [[Arabia]]
  
* 623-632: [[Ambulance]]: [[Muhammad]] in [[Arabia]]
 
* 623-632: [[Field hospital]]: [[Muhammad]] in [[Arabia]]
  
* 623-632: [[Field hospital]]: [[Muhammad]] in [[Arabia]]
Line 295: Line 415:
 
* 670-800: [[Fusible alloy]]: [[Alchemy and chemistry in Islam|Islamic chemists]]<ref name=Anawati/>
  
* 670-800: [[Fusible alloy]]: [[Alchemy and chemistry in Islam|Islamic chemists]]<ref name=Anawati/>
 
* 670-800: [[Petrol]]: [[Alchemy and chemistry in Islam|Islamic chemists]]<ref>Deborah Rowe, [http://www.channel4.com/science/microsites/S/science/society/islamicscience2.html How Islam has kept us out of the 'Dark Ages'], ''Science and Society'', ''[[Channel 4]]'', May 2004.</ref>
  
* 670-800: [[Petrol]]: [[Alchemy and chemistry in Islam|Islamic chemists]]<ref>Deborah Rowe, [http://www.channel4.com/science/microsites/S/science/society/islamicscience2.html How Islam has kept us out of the 'Dark Ages'], ''Science and Society'', ''[[Channel 4]]'', May 2004.</ref>
  +
* 700: [[Quill pen]]
  +
* 700: [[Indo-Arabic numeral system]] (positional [[decimal]] numerals) originates from [[Indian numerals]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]<ref name=oconnor>O'Connor, J. J. and E. F. Robertson. 2000. [http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Indian_numerals.html Indian Numerals], ''MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive'', School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, Scotland.</ref>
  +
  +
=== 8th century===
  +
* 707: [[Hospital]]: [[w:c:islam:Bimaristan|Bimaristan]] in [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
  +
* 754: [[Apothecary]]: [[Islamic medicine|Islamic physicians]]<ref>Sharif Kaf al-Ghazal, ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2004 (3), pp. 3-9 [8].</ref> in [[Baghdad]]
  +
* 754: [[Drugstore]] in [[Baghdad]]<ref name=Hadzovic/>
  +
* 754: [[Pharmacy]] in [[Baghdad]]<ref name=Hadzovic>S. Hadzovic (1997). "Pharmacy and the great contribution of Arab-Islamic science to its development", ''Medicinski Arhiv'' '''51''' (1-2), p. 47-50.</ref>
  +
* 758-764: [[Tar]] [[Pavement (material)|pavement]] in [[Baghdad]]<ref name=Ajram/>
  +
* 763-800: [[Public hospital]]: [[Harun al-Rashid]]<ref name=Glubb>{{citation|last=Sir Glubb|first=John Bagot|author-link=John Bagot Glubb|year=1969|title=A Short History of the Arab Peoples|url=http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/quote2.html#glubb|accessdate=2008-01-25}}</ref>
  +
* 763-800: [[Psychiatric hospital]]: [[Bimaristan]] in [[Baghdad]]<ref>Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", ''[[The Islamic Medical Association of North America|Journal of the Islamic Medical Association]]'', 2002 (2): 2-9 [7-8]</ref>
  +
* 794: [[Paper mill]] in [[Baghdad]]<ref>[http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=329 The Beginning of the Paper Industry], Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation</ref>
  +
* [[Destructive distillation]]: [[Alchemy and chemistry in Islam|Islamic&nbsp;]][[Alchemy and chemistry in Islam|chemists]]<ref name=Ajram>Dr. Kasem Ajram (1992). ''Miracle of Islamic Science'', Appendix B. Knowledge House Publishers. ISBN 0911119434.</ref>
  +
* [[Inoculation]]: [[Madhav]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref>Dick, Michael S. (1998). [http://www.ayurveda.com/online%20resource/ancient_writings.htm The Ancient Ayurvedic Writings]. Retrieved May 19, 2005.</ref>
 
* 700-900: [[Charitable trust]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref>{{Harvard reference |last=Gaudiosi |first=Monica M. |title=The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England: The Case of Merton College |year=1988 |journal=[[University of Pennsylvania Law Review]] |volume=136 |issue=4 |date=April 1988 |pages=1231-1261 }}</ref><ref>{{Harvard reference |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |location=[[London]] |isbn=1-85941-729-9 |p=32}}</ref>
  
* 700-900: [[Charitable trust]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref>{{Harvard reference |last=Gaudiosi |first=Monica M. |title=The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England: The Case of Merton College |year=1988 |journal=[[University of Pennsylvania Law Review]] |volume=136 |issue=4 |date=April 1988 |pages=1231-1261 }}</ref><ref>{{Harvard reference |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |location=[[London]] |isbn=1-85941-729-9 |p=32}}</ref>
 
* 700-1000: [[Spinning wheel]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref>C. Wayne Smith, Joe Tom Cothren (1999), ''Cotton: Origin, History, Technology, and Production'', p. viii, John Wiley and Sons. Technology & Industrial Arts, ISBN 0471180459</ref>
  
* 700-1000: [[Spinning wheel]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref>C. Wayne Smith, Joe Tom Cothren (1999), ''Cotton: Origin, History, Technology, and Production'', p. viii, John Wiley and Sons. Technology & Industrial Arts, ISBN 0471180459</ref>
Line 334: Line 468:
 
* 721-925: [[Filter (chemistry)|Filter]]: [[Geber]], [[Al-Kindi]], [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]]<ref name=Anawati/>
  
* 721-925: [[Filter (chemistry)|Filter]]: [[Geber]], [[Al-Kindi]], [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]]<ref name=Anawati/>
 
* 763-809: [[Hospital|Public hospital]]: [[w:c:islam:Bimaristan|Bimaristan]] in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]]
  
* 763-809: [[Hospital|Public hospital]]: [[w:c:islam:Bimaristan|Bimaristan]] in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]]
  +
* 8th century: [[Bowed string instrument]] ([[rebab]]) in [[Islamic world]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487848/rabab |title=rabab (musical instrument) – Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-17}}</ref>
−
* c. 800-1000: [[Switch]]: [[Inventions in the Islamic world|Arabic engineers]]<ref> F. L. Lewis (1992), ''Applied Optimal Control and Estimation'', Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.</ref>
  
  +
* 8th century: [[Damascus steel]] in [[Syria]]<ref name=pace>{{cite book |last=Pacey |first=Arnold |title=Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7e8rHL1lf4C&pg=PA80 |year=1991 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-66072-3 |page=80}}</ref><ref name="SR_IISc">{{cite book |author1= Sharada Srinivasan |author2=Srinivasa Ranganathan |title= India's Legendary Wootz Steel: An Advanced Material of the Ancient World |year=2004 |publisher= National Institute of Advanced Studies |oclc= 82439861}}</ref>
−
* 800-1000: [[Wind power]]ed [[gristmill]]s in [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]]<ref name=Lucas-65>Adam Lucas (2006), ''Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology'', p. 65. BRILL, ISBN 9004146490.</ref>
  
  +
* 8th century: [[Factory]] in [[Islamic world]]<ref name="Hill2013">{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Donald |authorlink1=Donald Hill |title=A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781317761570 |pages=163-166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMceAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA163}}</ref>
−
* 800-1000: [[Sugar refinery]] in [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]]<ref name=Lucas-65/>
  
  +
* 8th century: [[Lute]] ([[oud]]) in Islamic world<ref>{{cite web |title=ʿūd {{!}} musical instrument |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/ud |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |accessdate=6 April 2019}}</ref>
−
* 800-1000: [[Metal]] [[Woodblock printing|block printing]] in [[Egypt]]<ref>Richard W. Bulliet (1987), "Medieval Arabic Tarsh: A Forgotten Chapter in the History of Printing", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' '''107''' (3), p. 427-438.</ref>
  
  +
* 8th century: [[Mobile hospital]] ([[ambulance]]) in [[Abbasid Caliphate]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rodini |first1=Mohammad Amin |title=Medical Care In Islamic Tradition During The Middle Ages |journal=Medical Education |date=7 July 2012 |volume=3 |issue=7 |doi=10.9754/journal.wmc.2012.003549}}</ref>
−
* 800-1000: [[Almucantar]] [[Quadrant (instrument)|quadrant]]: [[Islamic astronomy|Arabic astronomers]]<ref>Elly Dekker (1995), "An unrecorded medieval astrolabe quadrant from c. 1300", ''Annals of Science'' '''52''' (1), p. 1-47 [6].</ref>
  
  +
* 8th century: [[Water-powered]] [[papermaking]] ([[pulp mill]]) in [[Samarkand]]<ref>{{citation|first=Adam|last=Lucas|year=2006|title=Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=90-04-14649-0|pages=65 & 84}}</ref>
−
* 800-1000: [[Mariner's astrolabe|Navigational astrolabe]]: [[Islamic astronomy|Arabic astronomers]]<ref>Robert Hannah (1997). "''The Mapping of the Heavens'' by Peter Whitfield", ''Imago Mundi'' '''49''', pp. 161-162.</ref>
  
  +
* 8th century: [[Rib vault]] in [[Islamic architecture]]<ref name=Giese-Vogeli>{{cite book|last1=Giese-Vögeli |first1=Francine|title=Das islamische Rippengewölbe : Ursprung, Form, Verbreitung |trans-title=Islamic rib vaults: Origins, form, spread|date=2007|publisher=Gebr. Mann|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-7861-2550-1}}</ref>
−
* 800-1000: Vertical [[sundial]]: [[Islamic astronomy|Arabic astronomers]]<ref name=King-Astronomy>{{citation|first=David A.|last=King|contribution=Astronomy and Islamic society|pages=163–8}}, in {{Harvard reference |last1=Rashed |first1=Roshdi |last2=Morelon |first2=Régis |year=1996 |title=[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]] |volume=1 & 3 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0415124107 |pages=128-184}}</ref>
  
  +
* 8th century: [[Soft drink]] ([[sharbat]]) in the Islamic world<ref>{{cite book|last=Meri|first=Josef W.|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|date=2005|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=1135455961|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c1ZsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106}}</ref>
−
* 800-1000: Polar [[sundial]]: [[Islamic astronomy|Arabic astronomers]]<ref name=King-Astronomy/>
  
  +
* 794–795: [[Paper mill]] in [[Baghdad]], Abbasid Caliphate<ref>{{Citation | last = Burns | first = Robert I. | editor-last = Lindgren | editor-first = Uta | contribution = Paper comes to the West, 800–1400 | title = Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation | edition = 4th | year = 1996 | publisher = Gebr. Mann Verlag | location = Berlin | isbn = 3-7861-1748-9 | pages = 413–422 (414)}}</ref>
−
* 800-1000: [[Coffee]]: [[Khalid]] in [[Ethiopia]]
  
  +
* 8th century: [[Bookbinding|Paper bookbinding]] in [[Islamic world]]<ref>Al-Hassani, Woodcock and Saoud, "1001 Inventions, Muslim heritage in Our World", FSTC Publishing, 2006, reprinted 2007, pp.218–219.</ref>
−
* 800-1000: [[Shaving cream|Shaving soap]]: [[Alchemy and chemistry in Islam|Arabic chemists]]
  
  +
* 8th century: [[Cheque|Paper cheque]] in Islamic world<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alrifai |first1=Tariq |title=Islamic Finance and the New Financial System: An Ethical Approach to Preventing Future Financial Crises |date=2015 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=9781118990698 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CesBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11}}</ref>
−
* 800-1000: [[Plumb line]]: [[Inventions in the Islamic world|Arabic engineers]]<ref name="Hill-766-9">[[Donald Routledge Hill]] (1996), "Engineering", p. 766-9, in {{Harvard reference |last1=Rashed |first1=Roshdi |last2=Morelon |first2=Régis |year=1996 |title=[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0415124107 |pages=751-795}}</ref>
  
  +
* 717–786: [[Probability and statistics]] by [[Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi|Al-Khalil]]<ref name="LB">{{cite journal|last=Broemeling|first=Lyle D.|title=An Account of Early Statistical Inference in Arab Cryptology|journal=The American Statistician|date=1 November 2011|volume=65|issue=4|pages=255–257|doi=10.1198/tas.2011.10191}}</ref>
−
* 800-1000: [[Reed level]]: [[Inventions in the Islamic world|Arabic engineers]]<ref name="Hill-766-9"/>
  
  +
* 8th century to 9th century: [[Cryptography]] by [[Mathematics in medieval Islam|Arab mathematicians]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kahn|first1=David|title=The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet|date=1996|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781439103555|url=https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=3S8rhOEmDIIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+kahn+the+codebreakers&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiG8OW9_L3aAhXCwxQKHS6hAA0Q6AEIIzAA#v=snippet&q=Arabs%20cryptology%20born&f=false}}</ref>
−
* 800-1000: [[Triangulation]]: [[Inventions in the Islamic world|Arabic engineers]]<ref name="Hill-766-9"/>
  
−
* 800-1000: [[Gear]]ed [[gristmill]]: [[Inventions in the Islamic world|Arabic engineers]]<ref>[[Donald Routledge Hill]] (1996), "Engineering", p. 781, in {{Harvard reference |last1=Rashed |first1=Roshdi |last2=Morelon |first2=Régis |year=1996 |title=[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0415124107 |pages=751-95}}</ref>
  
−
* 800-1000: [[Shatranj]] in [[History of Iran|Persia]]
  
−
* 800-1000: [[Paned window]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref name=Garrison>[[Fielding H. Garrison]], ''History of Medicine'':
  
−
{{quote|"The [[Saracen]]s themselves were the originators not only of [[algebra]], [[chemistry]], and [[geology]], but of many of the so-called improvements or refinements of civilization, such as [[Street light|street lamp]]s, [[window]]-[[Paned window|panes]], [[firework]], [[string instrument|stringed instruments]], [[cultivation|cultivated]] [[fruit]]s, [[perfume]]s, [[spice]]s, etc..."}}</ref>
  
−
* 800-1000: [[Street light|Street lamp]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref name=Garrison/>
  
−
* 800-1000: [[Sherbet]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref name=Soft-Drink/>
  
−
* 800-1000: [[Soft drink]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref name=Soft-Drink>[http://www.1001inventions.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewBlogEntry&intMTEntryID=2889 The World's First Soft Drink.] 1001 Inventions, 2006.</ref><ref>Juliette Rossant (2005), [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200505/the.world.s.first.soft.drink.htm The World's First Soft Drink], ''[[Saudi Aramco World]]'', September/October 2005, pp. 36-9</ref>
  
−
* 800-1000: [[Syrup]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref name=Soft-Drink/>
  
−
* 800-1000: [[Mercury (element)|Mercury]] [[escapement]] mechanism in the [[Middle East]]
  
−
* 800-1000: [[Bridge]] [[dam]] in [[Iran]]<ref name=Hill-Engineering/>
  
−
* 800-1000: [[Mill (grinding)|Milling]] [[dam]] in [[Iran]]<ref name=Hill-Engineering/><ref name = Lucas/>
  
−
* 800-1000: [[Diversion dam]] in [[Iraq]]<ref name=Hill-Engineering>[[Donald Routledge Hill]] (1996), "Engineering", p. 759, in {{Harvard reference |last1=Rashed |first1=Roshdi |last2=Morelon |first2=Régis |year=1996 |title=[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0415124107 |pages=751-795}}</ref>
  
−
* 800-1000: [[Public library]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref name=Barrett>[[Peter Barrett]] (2004), ''Science and Theology Since Copernicus: The Search for Understanding'', p. 18, [[Continuum International Publishing Group]], ISBN 056708969X.</ref>
  
−
* 800-1000: [[Lending library]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref name=Barrett/>
  
−
* 800-1000: [[Library catalog]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref>{{citation|last=Micheau|first=Francoise|contribution=The Scientific Institutions in the Medieval Near East|pages=988–991}} in {{Harvard reference |last1=Morelon |first1=Régis |last2=Rashed |first2=Roshdi |year=1996 |title=[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]] |volume=3 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0415124107 |pp=985-1007}}</ref>
  
−
* 800-1000: [[Firecracker]] in [[China]]
  
−
* 800-1000: [[Snakes and ladders]] in [[India]]
  
−
* 801-1000: [[Municipal solid waste]] handling: [[Al-Kindi]], [[Qusta ibn Luqa]], [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]], [[Ibn Al-Jazzar]], [[al-Masihi]]<ref>L. Gari (2002), "Arabic Treatises on Environmental Pollution up to the End of the Thirteenth Century", ''Environment and History'' '''8''' (4), pp. 475-488.</ref>
  
−
* 836-1000: [[Erectile dysfunction]] treatment: [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]], [[Thabit bin Qurra]] (Thebit), [[Ibn Al-Jazzar]]<ref>A. Al Dayela and N. al-Zuhair (2006), "Single drug therapy in the treatment of male sexual/erectile dysfunction in Islamic medicine", ''Urology'' '''68''' (1): 253-4</ref>
  
−
* 853-929: [[Islamic astronomy#Observation tube|Observation tube]]: [[Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī]] (Albatenius)<ref>Regis Morelon, "General Survey of Arabic Astronomy", pp. 9-10, in {{Harvard reference |last1=Rashed |first1=Roshdi |last2=Morelon |first2=Régis |year=1996 |title=[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]] |volume=1 & 3 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0415124107 |pages=1-19}}</ref>
  
−
* 865-925: [[Soap bar|Hard soap]]: [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]]<ref name=Cosmetics>[http://www.1001inventions.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewBlogEntry&intMTEntryID=2724 The invention of cosmetics]. ''1001 Inventions''.</ref>
  
−
* 865-925: [[Chemotherapy]]: [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]]<ref>[http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/The_Valuable_Contributions_of_al-Razi_in_the_History_of_Pharmacy.pdf The Valuable Contribution of al-Razi (Rhazes) to the History of Pharmacy], FSTC</ref>
  
−
* 865-925: [[Antiseptic]]: [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]]<ref name=Ajram/>
  
−
===1st century===
  
−
* 38 CE: [[Hydraulics|Hydraulic-powered]] [[bellows]]: [[Du Shi]]
  
−
* 50 CE: Mouldboard [[plough]] in [[China]] and [[Gaul]]
  
−
* 77 CE: [[Encyclopedia]] (comprehensive work): [[Pliny the Elder]]<ref name=Britannica/>
  
−
* [[Junk (ship)|Junk ship]] in [[China]]
  
−
* Junk [[rudder]] in [[China]]<ref>Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 649&ndash;650.</ref>
  
−
===2nd century===
  
−
* 105: [[Paper]]: [[Cai Lun]] in [[China]]<ref>[http://www.baph.org.uk/general%20reference/Paper%20-%20one%20of%20the%20most%20important%20inventions%20of%20the%20last%20two%20millennia..htm Paper - one of the most important inventions of the last two millennia]</ref>
  
−
* 132: Rudimentary [[Seismometer]]: [[Zhang Heng]] in [[China]]
  
−
* 180: [[Fan (mechanical)|Rotary fan]]: Ding Huan in [[China]]
  
−
* 180: [[Winnowing]] fan: Ding Huan in [[China]]
  
−
* [[Steam power]] in [[Egypt]]
  
−
* [[Vending machine]] in [[Egypt]]
  
−
* [[Force pump]] in [[Egypt]]
  
−
* [[Carding]] in [[India]]<ref name=Baber1>Zaheer Baber (1996), ''The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India'', p. 57, [[State University of New York Press]], ISBN 0791429199</ref>
  
−
===3rd century===
  
−
* [[Kongming lantern]] ([[Hot air balloon]]) in [[China]]
  
−
* [[Hospital|Proto-hospital]]: [[w:c:islam:Bimaristan|Bimaristan]] at the [[Academy of Gondishapur]], [[Persia]]
  
−
===4th century===
  
−
* [[Iron pillar]] in [[Delhi]], [[India]]
  
−
* [[Corrosion]]-resistant [[iron]]: [[Iron pillar of Delhi]] in [[India]]<ref>R. Balasubramaniam (2000), [http://home.iitk.ac.in/%7Ebala/journalpaper/journal/journalpaper_17.pdf On the Corrosion Resistance of the Delhi Iron Pillar], ''Corrosion Science'' '''42''': 2103-29</ref>
  
−
* [[Toothpaste]] in [[Roman Egypt]]
  
−
===5th century===
  
−
* [[Horse collar]] in [[China]]
  
−
* [[Cotton gin]] in [[India]]<ref>Zaheer Baber (1996), ''The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India'', pp. 56-7, [[State University of New York Press]], ISBN 0791429199</ref>
  
−  
−
===6th century===
  
−
* 589: [[Toilet paper]]: [[Yan Zhitui]] in [[China]]
  
−
* [[Chess]]: [[Chaturanga]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Britannica1>''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' (2002), "Chess: Ancient precursors and related games"</ref>
  
−
* [[Ludo]]: [[Pachisi]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=EncartaP>MSN Encarta (2008). [http://encarta.co.uk/encyclopedia_781530306/Pachisi.html ''Pachisi''].</ref>
  
−
* [[Incense clock]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Schafer161>Schafer (1963), pages 160-161</ref><ref name=Bedini69>Bedini (1994), pages 69-80</ref>
  
−
* [[Ludo]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=EncartaP>''MSN [[Encarta]]'' (2008), [http://encarta.co.uk/encyclopedia_781530306/Pachisi.html Pachisi]</ref>
  
−
=== 7th century===
  
−
* 605: [[Zhaozhou Bridge|Fully-stone open-spandrel segmental arch bridge]]: Li Chun in [[China]]
  
−
* 618-700: [[Porcelain]] in [[History of China|China]]
  
−
* 618-907: [[Water-power]]ed [[Fan (mechanical)|rotary fan]] in [[China]]
  
−
* 673: [[Flamethrower]]: [[Callinicus|Kallinikos]] of [[Baalbek|Heliopolis]] in [[Syria]] ("[[Greek fire]]")
  
−
* 700: [[Quill pen]]
  
−
=== 8th century===
  
−
* 707: [[Hospital]]: [[w:c:islam:Bimaristan|Bimaristan]] in [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
  
−
* 754: [[Apothecary]]: [[Islamic medicine|Islamic physicians]]<ref>Sharif Kaf al-Ghazal, ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2004 (3), pp. 3-9 [8].</ref> in [[Baghdad]]
  
−
* 754: [[Drugstore]] in [[Baghdad]]<ref name=Hadzovic/>
  
−
* 754: [[Pharmacy]] in [[Baghdad]]<ref name=Hadzovic>S. Hadzovic (1997). "Pharmacy and the great contribution of Arab-Islamic science to its development", ''Medicinski Arhiv'' '''51''' (1-2), p. 47-50.</ref>
  
−
* 758-764: [[Tar]] [[Pavement (material)|pavement]] in [[Baghdad]]<ref name=Ajram/>
  
−
* 763-800: [[Public hospital]]: [[Harun al-Rashid]]<ref name=Glubb>{{citation|last=Sir Glubb|first=John Bagot|author-link=John Bagot Glubb|year=1969|title=A Short History of the Arab Peoples|url=http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/quote2.html#glubb|accessdate=2008-01-25}}</ref>
  
−
* 763-800: [[Psychiatric hospital]]: [[Bimaristan]] in [[Baghdad]]<ref>Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", ''[[The Islamic Medical Association of North America|Journal of the Islamic Medical Association]]'', 2002 (2): 2-9 [7-8]</ref>
  
−
* 794: [[Paper mill]] in [[Baghdad]]<ref>[http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=329 The Beginning of the Paper Industry], Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation</ref>
  
−
* [[Destructive distillation]]: [[Alchemy and chemistry in Islam|Islamic&nbsp;]][[Alchemy and chemistry in Islam|chemists]]<ref name=Ajram>Dr. Kasem Ajram (1992). ''Miracle of Islamic Science'', Appendix B. Knowledge House Publishers. ISBN 0911119434.</ref>
  
−
* [[Inoculation]]: [[Madhav]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref>Dick, Michael S. (1998). [http://www.ayurveda.com/online%20resource/ancient_writings.htm The Ancient Ayurvedic Writings]. Retrieved May 19, 2005.</ref>
  
   
 
===9th century===
  
===9th century===
Line 472: Line 534:
 
* [[Oil well]] in [[Azerbaijan]]<ref name=Ajram/>
  
* [[Oil well]] in [[Azerbaijan]]<ref name=Ajram/>
 
* [[College]]: [[Madrasah]] in the [[Muslim world]]<ref>{{citation|title=From Jami`ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue|first=Syed Farid|last=Alatas|journal=Current Sociology|volume=54|issue=1|pages=112–132 [123–4]|doi=10.1177/0011392106058837|year=2006}}</ref>
  
* [[College]]: [[Madrasah]] in the [[Muslim world]]<ref>{{citation|title=From Jami`ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue|first=Syed Farid|last=Alatas|journal=Current Sociology|volume=54|issue=1|pages=112–132 [123–4]|doi=10.1177/0011392106058837|year=2006}}</ref>
  +
* c. 800-1000: [[Switch]]: [[Inventions in the Islamic world|Arabic engineers]]<ref> F. L. Lewis (1992), ''Applied Optimal Control and Estimation'', Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.</ref>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Wind power]]ed [[gristmill]]s in [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]]<ref name=Lucas-65>Adam Lucas (2006), ''Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology'', p. 65. BRILL, ISBN 9004146490.</ref>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Sugar refinery]] in [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]]<ref name=Lucas-65/>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Metal]] [[Woodblock printing|block printing]] in [[Egypt]]<ref>Richard W. Bulliet (1987), "Medieval Arabic Tarsh: A Forgotten Chapter in the History of Printing", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' '''107''' (3), p. 427-438.</ref>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Almucantar]] [[Quadrant (instrument)|quadrant]]: [[Islamic astronomy|Arabic astronomers]]<ref>Elly Dekker (1995), "An unrecorded medieval astrolabe quadrant from c. 1300", ''Annals of Science'' '''52''' (1), p. 1-47 [6].</ref>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Mariner's astrolabe|Navigational astrolabe]]: [[Islamic astronomy|Arabic astronomers]]<ref>Robert Hannah (1997). "''The Mapping of the Heavens'' by Peter Whitfield", ''Imago Mundi'' '''49''', pp. 161-162.</ref>
  +
* 800-1000: Vertical [[sundial]]: [[Islamic astronomy|Arabic astronomers]]<ref name=King-Astronomy>{{citation|first=David A.|last=King|contribution=Astronomy and Islamic society|pages=163–8}}, in {{Harvard reference |last1=Rashed |first1=Roshdi |last2=Morelon |first2=Régis |year=1996 |title=[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]] |volume=1 & 3 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0415124107 |pages=128-184}}</ref>
  +
* 800-1000: Polar [[sundial]]: [[Islamic astronomy|Arabic astronomers]]<ref name=King-Astronomy/>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Coffee]]: [[Khalid]] in [[Ethiopia]]
  +
* 800-1000: [[Shaving cream|Shaving soap]]: [[Alchemy and chemistry in Islam|Arabic chemists]]
  +
* 800-1000: [[Plumb line]]: [[Inventions in the Islamic world|Arabic engineers]]<ref name="Hill-766-9">[[Donald Routledge Hill]] (1996), "Engineering", p. 766-9, in {{Harvard reference |last1=Rashed |first1=Roshdi |last2=Morelon |first2=Régis |year=1996 |title=[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0415124107 |pages=751-795}}</ref>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Reed level]]: [[Inventions in the Islamic world|Arabic engineers]]<ref name="Hill-766-9"/>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Triangulation]]: [[Inventions in the Islamic world|Arabic engineers]]<ref name="Hill-766-9"/>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Gear]]ed [[gristmill]]: [[Inventions in the Islamic world|Arabic engineers]]<ref>[[Donald Routledge Hill]] (1996), "Engineering", p. 781, in {{Harvard reference |last1=Rashed |first1=Roshdi |last2=Morelon |first2=Régis |year=1996 |title=[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0415124107 |pages=751-95}}</ref>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Shatranj]] in [[History of Iran|Persia]]
  +
* 800-1000: [[Paned window]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref name=Garrison>[[Fielding H. Garrison]], ''History of Medicine'':
  +
{{quote|"The [[Saracen]]s themselves were the originators not only of [[algebra]], [[chemistry]], and [[geology]], but of many of the so-called improvements or refinements of civilization, such as [[Street light|street lamp]]s, [[window]]-[[Paned window|panes]], [[firework]], [[string instrument|stringed instruments]], [[cultivation|cultivated]] [[fruit]]s, [[perfume]]s, [[spice]]s, etc..."}}</ref>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Street light|Street lamp]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref name=Garrison/>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Sherbet]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref name=Soft-Drink/>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Soft drink]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref name=Soft-Drink>[http://www.1001inventions.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewBlogEntry&intMTEntryID=2889 The World's First Soft Drink.] 1001 Inventions, 2006.</ref><ref>Juliette Rossant (2005), [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200505/the.world.s.first.soft.drink.htm The World's First Soft Drink], ''[[Saudi Aramco World]]'', September/October 2005, pp. 36-9</ref>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Syrup]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref name=Soft-Drink/>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Mercury (element)|Mercury]] [[escapement]] mechanism in the [[Middle East]]
  +
* 800-1000: [[Bridge]] [[dam]] in [[Iran]]<ref name=Hill-Engineering/>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Mill (grinding)|Milling]] [[dam]] in [[Iran]]<ref name=Hill-Engineering/><ref name = Lucas/>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Diversion dam]] in [[Iraq]]<ref name=Hill-Engineering>[[Donald Routledge Hill]] (1996), "Engineering", p. 759, in {{Harvard reference |last1=Rashed |first1=Roshdi |last2=Morelon |first2=Régis |year=1996 |title=[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0415124107 |pages=751-795}}</ref>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Public library]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref name=Barrett>[[Peter Barrett]] (2004), ''Science and Theology Since Copernicus: The Search for Understanding'', p. 18, [[Continuum International Publishing Group]], ISBN 056708969X.</ref>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Lending library]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref name=Barrett/>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Library catalog]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref>{{citation|last=Micheau|first=Francoise|contribution=The Scientific Institutions in the Medieval Near East|pages=988–991}} in {{Harvard reference |last1=Morelon |first1=Régis |last2=Rashed |first2=Roshdi |year=1996 |title=[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]] |volume=3 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0415124107 |pp=985-1007}}</ref>
  +
* 800-1000: [[Firecracker]] in [[China]]
  +
* 800-1000: [[Snakes and ladders]] in [[India]]
  +
* 801-1000: [[Municipal solid waste]] handling: [[Al-Kindi]], [[Qusta ibn Luqa]], [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]], [[Ibn Al-Jazzar]], [[al-Masihi]]<ref>L. Gari (2002), "Arabic Treatises on Environmental Pollution up to the End of the Thirteenth Century", ''Environment and History'' '''8''' (4), pp. 475-488.</ref>
  +
* 836-1000: [[Erectile dysfunction]] treatment: [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]], [[Thabit bin Qurra]] (Thebit), [[Ibn Al-Jazzar]]<ref>A. Al Dayela and N. al-Zuhair (2006), "Single drug therapy in the treatment of male sexual/erectile dysfunction in Islamic medicine", ''Urology'' '''68''' (1): 253-4</ref>
  +
* 853-929: [[Islamic astronomy#Observation tube|Observation tube]]: [[Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī]] (Albatenius)<ref>Regis Morelon, "General Survey of Arabic Astronomy", pp. 9-10, in {{Harvard reference |last1=Rashed |first1=Roshdi |last2=Morelon |first2=Régis |year=1996 |title=[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]] |volume=1 & 3 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0415124107 |pages=1-19}}</ref>
  +
* 865-925: [[Soap bar|Hard soap]]: [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]]<ref name=Cosmetics>[http://www.1001inventions.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewBlogEntry&intMTEntryID=2724 The invention of cosmetics]. ''1001 Inventions''.</ref>
  +
* 865-925: [[Chemotherapy]]: [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]]<ref>[http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/The_Valuable_Contributions_of_al-Razi_in_the_History_of_Pharmacy.pdf The Valuable Contribution of al-Razi (Rhazes) to the History of Pharmacy], FSTC</ref>
  +
* 865-925: [[Antiseptic]]: [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]]<ref name=Ajram/>
  +
* 820: [[Algebra]] by [[Al-Khwarizmi]]<ref name="thaqafamagazine.com">{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403005901/thaqafamagazine.com/2014/12/05/inventions-arab-middle-east/|title=9 World Changing Inventions from the Middle East|author=|date=5 December 2014|website=thaqafamagazine.com|accessdate=26 March 2018}}</ref>
  +
* 801–873: [[Alcohol distillation]] by [[Al-Kindi]]<ref>[[Ahmad Y. al-Hassan]] (2001), [https://books.google.com/books?id=h2g1qte4iegC&pg=PA65 ''Science and Technology in Islam: Technology and applied sciences'', pages 65–69], [[UNESCO]]</ref><ref name=Hassan-Alcohol>{{cite web |url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/notes/notes7.html |title=Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources |accessdate=2014-04-19 |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y |authorlink=Ahmad Y Hassan |work=History of Science and Technology in Islam}}</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/2281757 The Economist: "Liquid fire – The Arabs discovered how to distil alcohol. They still do it best, say some"] December 18, 2003</ref>
  +
* 801–873: [[Fragrance extraction]] ([[rose oil]]) by [[Al-Kindi]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walton |first1=Michelle |author2=Museum of Islamic Art, Dawḥah, Qatar |title=Imperfect Perfection - Early Islamic Glass |edition=English |date=2013 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=9789992194614|url=https://books.google.com/?id=0XUDb7qNdoEC&pg=PA18&dq=perfumes+Al-Kindi#v=onepage&q=perfumes%20Al-Kindi&f=false}}</ref>
  +
* 9th century: [[General anaesthetic|Anasthetic compound]] by [[Medicine in medieval Islam|Islamic physicians]]<ref name="Gabriel210">{{cite book |last1=Gabriel |first1=Richard A. |title=Man and Wound in the Ancient World: A History of Military Medicine from Sumer to the Fall of Constantinople |date=2012 |publisher=[[Potomac Books]] |isbn=9781597978484 |page=210 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDi8CB3B6vgC&pg=PA218}}</ref>
  +
* 9th century: [[Gunpowder]] in [[Tang Dynasty]] [[China]]; gunpowder is, according to prevailing academic consensus, discovered in the 9th century by [[Chinese alchemy|Chinese alchemists]] searching for an [[elixir of life|elixir of immortality]].<ref name="Jack Kelly 2005">Jack Kelly ''Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World'', Perseus Books Group: 2005, {{ISBN|0465037224}}, 9780465037223: pp. 2-5</ref> Evidence of gunpowder's first use in China comes from the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]] (618–907).<ref>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 8–9, 80–82.</ref> The earliest known recorded recipes for gunpowder are written by Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide in the ''[[Wujing Zongyao]]'', a military manuscript compiled in 1044 during the Song Dynasty (960–1279).<ref>Needham (1987), Volume 5, Part 7, 70–73, 120–124.</ref><ref name="gernet 1996 311">Gernet (1996), 311.</ref><ref>Day & McNeil (1996), 785.</ref>
  +
* 9th century: [[Muslin]] fabric in [[Bengal]]<ref name=Muslin>{{Cite journal|first=S.|last=Ahmad|title=Rise and Decline of the Economy of Bengal|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=27|issue=3|pages=5–26|date=July–September 2005}}</ref>
  +
* 9th century: [[0 (number)|Numerical zero]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]; the concept of zero as a number, and not merely a symbol for separation is attributed to India.<ref name=bourbaki46>Bourbaki (1998), page 46</ref> In India, practical calculations are carried out using zero, which is treated like any other number by the 9th century, even in case of division.<ref name=bourbaki46/><ref name=ebcal>Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (2007). ''algebra''</ref>
  +
* 9th century: [[Sugarcane mill|Sugar mill]] in [[Islamic world]]<ref name=Lucas-10>Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", ''Technology and Culture'' '''46''' (1): 1–30 [10–1 & 27]</ref>
  +
* 9th century: [[Syringe]] by [[Ammar al-Mawsili]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations Into Brain Function|first=Stanley|last=Finger|year=1994|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-514694-3|page=70}}</ref><ref name="Gallin"/>
  +
* 9th century: [[Windpump]] in [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]] and [[Pakistan]]<ref>{{citation |first=Adam |last=Lucas |year=2006 |title=Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=90-04-14649-0 |page=65}}</ref>
  +
* 850: Conical [[valve]] by [[Banu Musa]] brothers<ref name=Hill-23>{{citation|title=The book of ingenious devices (Kitāb al-ḥiyal)|author=[[Banu Musa]] (authors), [[Donald Routledge Hill]] (translator)|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|year=1979|isbn=90-277-0833-9|page=23}}</ref>
  +
* 850: [[Gas mask]] by [[Banu Musa]] brothers<ref name=Hill>[[Donald Routledge Hill]], "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", ''Scientific American'', May 1991, p. 64-69. ([[cf.]] [[Donald Routledge Hill]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20001212015400/home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm Mechanical Engineering])</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge history of Arabic literature|first=M. J. L.|last=Young|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1990|isbn=0-521-32763-6|page=264|postscript=.}}</ref>
  +
* 850: [[Grab (tool)|Grab]] by [[Banu Musa]] brothers<ref name=Hill-21>{{citation|title=The book of ingenious devices (Kitāb al-ḥiyal)|author=[[Banu Musa]] (authors), [[Donald Routledge Hill]] (translator)|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|year=1979|isbn=90-277-0833-9|page=21}}</ref>
  +
* 850: Automatic [[flute]] player, the first [[music sequencer]] and the earliest programmable automated [[music technology]], by [[Banu Musa]] brothers<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Long |first1=Jason |last2=Murphy |first2=Jim |last3=Carnegie |first3=Dale |last4=Kapur |first4=Ajay |title=Loudspeakers Optional: A history of non-loudspeaker-based electroacoustic music |journal=[[Organised Sound]] |date=12 July 2017 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=195–205 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/S1355771817000103}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levaux |first1=Christophe |title=The Forgotten History of Repetitive Audio Technologies |journal=[[Organised Sound]] |date=12 July 2017 |volume=22 |issue=2 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=187–194 |doi=10.1017/S1355771817000097}}</ref>
  +
* 852: [[Parachute]] by [[Armen Firman]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holt |first1=Tonie |last2=Holt |first2=Valmai |title=Major & Mrs Holt's Pocket Battlefield Guide to Ypres & Passchendaele |date=2006 |publisher=[[Casemate Publishers]] |isbn=9781844153770 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1esXGdTiScC&pg=PA7}}</ref>
  +
* 809–887: [[Glider (aircraft)|Glider]] by [[Abbas ibn Firnas]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi3.htm |title=The Flying Monk |last= Lienhard |first=John H. |work=University of Houston |date=1988 |accessdate=2015-02-06 }}</ref><ref>[[Lynn Townsend White, Jr.]] (Spring, 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition", ''Technology and Culture'' '''2''' (2), p. 97-111 [100f.]</ref><ref name="Lynn White 1961, 101">[[Lynn Townsend White, Jr.]] (Spring, 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition", ''Technology and Culture'' '''2''' (2), p. 97-111 [101]</ref>
  +
* 859: [[University]] ([[Al-Karaouine]]) by [[Fatima al-Fihri]] in [[Morocco]]<ref name="thaqafamagazine.com"/>
  +
* 854–925: [[Alcohol (medicine)|Antiseptic alcohol]] by [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi]]<ref name="Gallin">{{cite book |last1=Gallin |first1=John I. |last2=Ognibene |first2=Frederick P. |last3=Johnson |first3=Laura Lee |title=Principles and Practice of Clinical Research |date=2017 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=9780128499047 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQVQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3}}</ref>
  +
* 854–925: [[Bar soap]] by [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kalın |first1=İbrahim |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780199812578 |page=137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137}}</ref>
  +
* 854–925: [[Petroleum distillation]] ([[kerosene]]) by [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Robert James |title=Studies in Early Petroleum History |date=1958 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |page=149 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eckUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA149}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kent |first1=James A. |last2=Bommaraju |first2=Tilak V. |last3=Barnicki |first3=Scott D. |title=Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology |date=2017 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn=9783319522876 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jx8vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}</ref>
  +
* 854–925: [[Kerosene lamp]] ([[naphtha]] [[Oil lamp|lamp]]) by [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi]]<ref>Zayn Bilkadi ([[University of California, Berkeley]]), "The Oil Weapons", ''[[Saudi Aramco World]]'', January–February 1995, pp.&nbsp;20–27.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Holmyard |first1=E. J. |title=Alchemy |date=2012 |publisher=[[Courier Corporation]] |isbn=9780486151144 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHz7VQz-ucgC&pg=PA89}}</ref>
  +
* 854–925: [[Sulfuric acid]] by [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi]]<ref name="Modanlou">{{cite journal |url=http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/08/11/6/0019.pdf |quote=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi, known in the West as Rhazes, was born in 865 AD in the ancient city of Rey, Near Tehran. A musician during his youth he became an alchemist. He discovered alcohol and sulfuric acid. He classified substances as plants, organic, and inorganic. |title=A tribute to Zakariya Razi (865 – 925 AD), an Iranian pioneer scholar |date=November 2008 |access-date=17 May 2018 |pmid=18976043 |last=Modanlou |first=Houchang D. |journal=Archives of Iranian Medicine |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=673–677}}</ref><ref name="Schlosser">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260392019 |quote=Al-Razi (865–925) was the preeminent Pharmacist and physician of his time [5]. The discovery of alcohol, first to produce acids such as sulfuric acid, writing up extensive notes on diseases such as smallpox and chickenpox, a pioneer in ophthalmology, author of first book on pediatrics, making leading contributions in inorganic and organic chemistry, also the author of several philosophical works. |last=Schlosser |first=Stefan |title=Distillation – from Bronze Age till today |date=May 2011 |access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref>
  +
 
=== 10th century===
  
=== 10th century===
 
* 903-986: [[Time]]keeping [[astrolabe]]: [[Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi]] (Azophi)<ref name=Winterburn>{{cite web|author=Dr. Emily Winterburn ([[National Maritime Museum]])|url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=529|title=Using an Astrolabe|publisher=Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation|year=2005|accessdate=2008-01-22}}</ref>
  
* 903-986: [[Time]]keeping [[astrolabe]]: [[Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi]] (Azophi)<ref name=Winterburn>{{cite web|author=Dr. Emily Winterburn ([[National Maritime Museum]])|url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=529|title=Using an Astrolabe|publisher=Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation|year=2005|accessdate=2008-01-22}}</ref>
Line 488: Line 609:
 
* [[Graph paper]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref>David J Roxburgh (2000), ''Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World'', p. 21, [[Brill Publishers]], ISBN 9004116699.</ref><ref>Josef W. Meri (2006), ''Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia'', p. 75, [[Taylor and Francis]], ISBN 0415966914.</ref><ref>David A. King (1999), ''World-maps for Finding the Direction and Distance to Mecca: Innovation and Tradition in Islamic Science'', p. 17, [[Brill Publishers]], ISBN 9004113673.</ref>
  
* [[Graph paper]] in the [[Arab Empire]]<ref>David J Roxburgh (2000), ''Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World'', p. 21, [[Brill Publishers]], ISBN 9004116699.</ref><ref>Josef W. Meri (2006), ''Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia'', p. 75, [[Taylor and Francis]], ISBN 0415966914.</ref><ref>David A. King (1999), ''World-maps for Finding the Direction and Distance to Mecca: Innovation and Tradition in Islamic Science'', p. 17, [[Brill Publishers]], ISBN 9004113673.</ref>
 
* Horizontal-axle [[windmill]] in [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]]<ref name=Hassan-54/>
  
* Horizontal-axle [[windmill]] in [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]]<ref name=Hassan-54/>
  +
* 10th century: [[Arabic numerals]] ([[Western Arabic numeral]] symbols) in Islamic [[North Africa]]<ref>{{citation |first=Paul |last= Kunitzsch |chapter=The Transmission of Hindu-Arabic Numerals Reconsidered |editor1=J. P. Hogendijk |editor2=A. I. Sabra |title=The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_AUtLNtg3nsC&pg=PA3 |year=2003 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-19482-2 |pages=3–22 (12–13)}}</ref>
  +
* 10th century: [[Decimal fractions]] by [[Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi]]<ref name=Berggrenn>{{cite book | first=J. Lennart | last=Berggren | title=The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook | chapter=Mathematics in Medieval Islam | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-691-11485-9 | page=518 }}</ref><ref name=a>{{MacTutor|id=Al-Uqlidisi|title=Abu'l Hasan Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Al-Uqlidisi}}</ref>
  +
* 931–974: [[Fountain pen]] in [[Fatimid Caliphate]] during reign of [[Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah]]<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=[[Journal of Semitic Studies]]|volume=26|issue=1|year=1981|pages=229–234|title=A Mediaeval Islamic Prototype of the Fountain Pen?|first=C. E.|last=Bosworth|quote=We wish to construct a pen which can be used for writing without having recourse to an ink-holder and whose ink will be contained inside it. A person can fill it with ink and write whatever he likes. The writer can put it in his sleeve or anywhere he wishes and it will not stain nor will any drop of ink leak out of it. The ink will flow only when there is an intention to write. We are unaware of anyone previously ever constructing (a pen such as this) and an indication of 'penetrating wisdom' to whoever contemplates it and realises its exact significance and purpose. I exclaimed, 'Is this possible?' He replied, 'It is possible if God so wills'.|url=https://academic.oup.com/jss/article-abstract/26/2/229/1692343/A-MEDIAEVAL-ISLAMIC-PROTOTYPE-OF-THE-FOUNTAIN-PEN|doi=10.1093/jss/26.2.229}}</ref>
  +
* 994: [[Mural instrument|Mural]] [[Sextant (astronomical)|sextant]] constructed in [[Ray, Iran]], by [[Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi]].<ref name=mt>{{MacTutor|id=Al-Khujandi|title=Abu Mahmud Hamid ibn al-Khidr Al-Khujandi}}</ref>
  +
* 1000: [[Dental extraction]] and [[Dental avulsion|replantation]] by [[Al-Zahrawi]]<ref>Ingle, John Ide; Baumgartner, J. Craig (2008). Ingle's Endodontics. PMPH-USA. p. 1281."The individual first credited with the principle of extraction and replantation was an Arabian physician by the name of Abulcasis who practiced in the eleventh century."</ref><ref>Ingle, John Ide; Bakland, Leif K. (2002). Endodontics. PMPH-USA. p. 727."Abulcasis, an Arabian physician practicing in the eleventh century, is the first credited with recording the principle of extraction/replantation."</ref>
  +
* 1000: [[Migraine surgery]] by [[Al-Zahrawi]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shevel|first=E|author2=Spierings, EH|title=Role of the extracranial arteries in migraine headache: a review.|journal=Cranio : The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice|date=April 2004|volume=22|issue=2|pages=132–6|pmid=15134413|doi=10.1179/crn.2004.017}}</ref>
  +
* 1000: [[Surgical needle]] by [[Al-Zahrawi]]<ref name="Gallin"/>
   
 
==2nd millennium==
  
==2nd millennium==
Line 514: Line 642:
 
* c. 1000-1020: [[Heliocentric]] [[astrolabe]]: [[Al-Sijzi]]<ref>Seyyed [[Hossein Nasr]] (1993), ''An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines'', pp. 135-6, [[State University of New York Press]], ISBN 0791415163</ref>
  
* c. 1000-1020: [[Heliocentric]] [[astrolabe]]: [[Al-Sijzi]]<ref>Seyyed [[Hossein Nasr]] (1993), ''An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines'', pp. 135-6, [[State University of New York Press]], ISBN 0791415163</ref>
 
* c. 1000-1037: [[Thermometer]]: [[Avicenna]] (Ibn Sina) in [[History of Iran|Persia]]<ref>[[Robert Briffault]] (1938), ''The Making of Humanity'', p. 191</ref>
  
* c. 1000-1037: [[Thermometer]]: [[Avicenna]] (Ibn Sina) in [[History of Iran|Persia]]<ref>[[Robert Briffault]] (1938), ''The Making of Humanity'', p. 191</ref>
  +
* c. 1000-1037: [[Air thermometer]]: [[Avicenna]] in [[History of Iran|Persia]]
−
* c. 1000-1037: [[Essential oil]]: [[Avicenna]]<ref name=Marlene>Marlene Ericksen (2000). ''Healing with Aromatherapy'', p. 9. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0658003828.</ref>
  
  +
* c. 1000-1037: [[Thermoscope]]: [[Avicenna]] in [[History of Iran|Persia]]
  +
* c. 1000-1037: [[Essential oil]]: [[Avicenna]]<ref name=Marlene>Marlene Ericksen (2000). ''Healing with Aromatherapy'', p. 9. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0658003828.</ref> in [[History of Iran|Persia]]
 
* c. 1000-1048: [[Orthographic projection (cartography)|Orthographical]] [[astrolabe]]: [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] in [[History of Iran|Persia]]<ref name=Khwarizm/>
  
* c. 1000-1048: [[Orthographic projection (cartography)|Orthographical]] [[astrolabe]]: [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] in [[History of Iran|Persia]]<ref name=Khwarizm/>
 
* c. 1000-1048: [[Planisphere]]: [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]]<ref name=Khwarizm>[http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=482 Khwarizm], Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.</ref><ref name=Durant>[[Will Durant]] (1950). ''[[The Story of Civilization]] IV: The Age of Faith'', p. 239-45.</ref>
  
* c. 1000-1048: [[Planisphere]]: [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]]<ref name=Khwarizm>[http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=482 Khwarizm], Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.</ref><ref name=Durant>[[Will Durant]] (1950). ''[[The Story of Civilization]] IV: The Age of Faith'', p. 239-45.</ref>
Line 531: Line 661:
 
* 1021: [[Historical novel]]: [[Murasaki Shikibu]]<ref>{{citation|title=The Tale of Genji|first=Royall|last=Tyler|publisher=[[Penguin Classics]]|year=2003|isbn=014243714X|page=xxvi}}</ref>
  
* 1021: [[Historical novel]]: [[Murasaki Shikibu]]<ref>{{citation|title=The Tale of Genji|first=Royall|last=Tyler|publisher=[[Penguin Classics]]|year=2003|isbn=014243714X|page=xxvi}}</ref>
 
* 1021: [[Psychological novel]]: [[Murasaki Shikibu]]<ref>[[Jorge Luis Borges]], ''The Total Library'': {{quote|[''The Tale of Genji'', as translated by [[Arthur Waley]],] is written with an almost miraculous naturalness, and what interests us is not the exoticism &mdash; the horrible word &mdash; but rather the human passions of the novel. Such interest is just: Murasaki's work is what one would quite precisely call a psychological novel. ... I dare to recommend this book to those who read me. The English translation that has inspired this brief insufficient note is called ''The Tale of Genji''.}}</ref>
  
* 1021: [[Psychological novel]]: [[Murasaki Shikibu]]<ref>[[Jorge Luis Borges]], ''The Total Library'': {{quote|[''The Tale of Genji'', as translated by [[Arthur Waley]],] is written with an almost miraculous naturalness, and what interests us is not the exoticism &mdash; the horrible word &mdash; but rather the human passions of the novel. Such interest is just: Murasaki's work is what one would quite precisely call a psychological novel. ... I dare to recommend this book to those who read me. The English translation that has inspired this brief insufficient note is called ''The Tale of Genji''.}}</ref>
−
* 1025: [[Unproven cancer therapy|Cancer therapy]]: [[Avicenna]]<ref name=Patricia>Patricia Skinner (2001), [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2603/is_0007/ai_2603000716 Unani-tibbi], ''Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine''</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Prof. Nil Sari ([[Istanbul University]], Cerrahpasha Medical School)|title=Hindiba: A Drug for Cancer Treatment in Muslim Heritage|publisher=FSTC Limited|date=06 June, 2007|url=http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=707}}</ref>
 +
* 1025: [[Unproven cancer therapy|Cancer therapy]]: [[Avicenna]]<ref name=Patricia>Patricia Skinner (2001), [http://archive.is/20120629144443/findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2603/is_0007/ai_2603000716 Unani-tibbi], ''Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine''</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Prof. Nil Sari ([[Istanbul University]], Cerrahpasha Medical School)|title=Hindiba: A Drug for Cancer Treatment in Muslim Heritage|publisher=FSTC Limited|date=06 June, 2007|url=http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=707}}</ref>
 
* 1025: [[Hirudotherapy]]: [[Avicenna]]<ref name=Deuraseh>Nurdeen Deuraseh, "Ahadith of the Prophet on Healing in Three Things (al-Shifa’ fi Thalatha): An Interpretational", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2004 (3): 14-20 [18].</ref>
  
* 1025: [[Hirudotherapy]]: [[Avicenna]]<ref name=Deuraseh>Nurdeen Deuraseh, "Ahadith of the Prophet on Healing in Three Things (al-Shifa’ fi Thalatha): An Interpretational", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2004 (3): 14-20 [18].</ref>
 
* 1025: [[Medicinal leech]]: [[Avicenna]]<ref name=Deuraseh/>
  
* 1025: [[Medicinal leech]]: [[Avicenna]]<ref name=Deuraseh/>
Line 558: Line 688:
 
* [[Maintaining power|Weight-driven]] mechanical [[clock]]: [[Inventions in the Islamic world|Arabic engineers]]<ref name=Transfer>[[Ahmad Y Hassan]], [http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2071.htm Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering], ''History of Science and Technology in Islam''.</ref>
  
* [[Maintaining power|Weight-driven]] mechanical [[clock]]: [[Inventions in the Islamic world|Arabic engineers]]<ref name=Transfer>[[Ahmad Y Hassan]], [http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2071.htm Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering], ''History of Science and Technology in Islam''.</ref>
 
* [[Celestial globe]]: [[Islamic astronomy|Arabic astronomers]]
  
* [[Celestial globe]]: [[Islamic astronomy|Arabic astronomers]]
−
* [[glass|Glass]] [[mirror]] in [[Al-Andalus]]<ref name=Ajram/>
 +
* [[Glass]] [[mirror]] in [[Al-Andalus]]<ref name=Ajram/>
 
* Clear [[glass]] [[mirror]] in [[Al-Andalus]]<ref name=Ajram/>
  
* Clear [[glass]] [[mirror]] in [[Al-Andalus]]<ref name=Ajram/>
 
* [[Cob (material)|Cobwork]] in the [[Maghreb]] and [[Al-Andalus]]<ref>[[Donald Routledge Hill]] (1996), "Engineering", p. 766, in {{Harvard reference |last1=Rashed |first1=Roshdi |last2=Morelon |first2=Régis |year=1996 |title=[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0415124107 |pages=751-795}}</ref>
  
* [[Cob (material)|Cobwork]] in the [[Maghreb]] and [[Al-Andalus]]<ref>[[Donald Routledge Hill]] (1996), "Engineering", p. 766, in {{Harvard reference |last1=Rashed |first1=Roshdi |last2=Morelon |first2=Régis |year=1996 |title=[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0415124107 |pages=751-795}}</ref>
  +
* 1000–1050: [[Planisphere]] by [[Al-Biruni]]<ref name=Wiet>G. Wiet, V. Elisseeff, P. Wolff, J. Naudu (1975). ''History of Mankind, Vol 3: The Great medieval Civilisations'', p. 649. George Allen & Unwin Ltd, [[UNESCO]].</ref>
  +
* 1010: [[Novel]] (''[[Tale of Genji]]'') by [[Lady Murasaki]]<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/581365/The-Tale-of-Genji "The Tale of Genji"] Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.</ref><ref>''The Japanese''. Reischauer, Edwin O. Belknap Press. Cambridge, MA 1980. p.&nbsp;49. {{ISBN|0-674-47178-4}}.</ref>
  +
* 1021: [[Camera obscura]] by [[Ibn al-Haytham]]<ref>Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2001) ''Alhacen's Theory of visual perception'' : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of the first three books of Alhacen's ''De aspectibus'', [the medieval latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's ''Kitāb al-Manāẓir''], ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'', 2 vols: '''91'''(#4 — Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text); '''91'''(#5 — Vol 2 English translation). ([[Philadelphia]]: [[American Philosophical Society]]), 2001. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3657358 Books I-III (2001) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR]; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3657357?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kirriemuircameraobscura.com/history-camera-obscuras|title=History of Camera Obscuras – Kirriemuir Camera Obscura|last=User|first=Super|website=www.kirriemuircameraobscura.com|access-date=2017-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY|last=Eder|first=JOSEF MARIA|year=1945|page=37|url=https://archive.org/stream/EderHistoryPhotography/aa045%20-%20ederHistoryPhotography_djvu.txt}}</ref>
  +
* 1021: [[Magnifying glass]] ([[convex lens]]) by [[Ibn al-Haytham]]<ref name="Kriss">{{Cite journal|last1=Kriss|first1=Timothy C.|last2=Kriss|first2=Vesna Martich|title=History of the Operating Microscope: From Magnifying Glass to Micro neurosurgery |journal=Neurosurgery|volume=42|issue=4|pages=899–907|date=April 1998|doi=10.1097/00006123-199804000-00116|pmid=9574655}}</ref>
  +
* 1021: [[Scientific method]] by [[Ibn al-Haytham]]<ref name=news.bbc.co.uk>{{cite news|title=The 'first true scientist'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7810846.stm|publisher=BBC News|author=Jim Al-Khalili|date=4 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Mind, Brain, and Education Science: A Comprehensive Guide to the New Brain-Based Teaching|year=2010|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-70607-9|author=Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa|page=39|quote=Alhazen (or Al-Haytham; 965–1039) was perhaps one of the greatest physicists of all times and a product of the Islamic Golden Age or Islamic Renaissance (7th–13th centuries). He made significant contributions to anatomy, astronomy, engineering, [[mathematics]], medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, and visual perception and is primarily attributed as the inventor of the scientific method, for which author Bradley Steffens (2006) describes him as the "first scientist".}}</ref>
  +
* 1030: [[Packaging and labeling|Paper packaging]] in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Origins of Paper Based Packaging|author=Diana Twede|journal=Conference on Historical Analysis & Research in Marketing Proceedings|volume=12|year=2005|pages=288–300 [289]|url=http://faculty.quinnipiac.edu/charm/CHARM%20proceedings/CHARM%20article%20archive%20pdf%20format/Volume%2012%202005/288%20twede.pdf|accessdate=March 20, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716105826/http://faculty.quinnipiac.edu/charm/CHARM%20proceedings/CHARM%20article%20archive%20pdf%20format/Volume%2012%202005/288%20twede.pdf|archivedate=July 16, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
  +
* 1030: [[Spinning wheel]] in the [[Islamic world]]<ref name="Pacey">{{cite book | last = Pacey | first = Arnold | title = Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History | origyear = 1990 | edition = First MIT Press paperback | year = 1991 | publisher = The MIT Press | location = Cambridge MA | pages = 23-24}}</ref>
  +
* 11th century: [[Disinfectant]] by [[Medicine in the medieval Islamic world|Arab physicians]]<ref name="Maillard">{{cite book|last=Maillard|first=Adam P. Fraise, Peter A. Lambert, Jean-Yves|title=Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization|year=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Oxford|isbn=0470755067|page=4}}</ref>
  +
* 11th century: [[Double-entry bookkeeping system]] by [[Jew]]ish community in the medieval [[Middle East]].<ref> Parker, L. M., “Medieval Traders as International Change Agents: A Comparison with Twentieth Century International Accounting Firms,” The Accounting Historians Journal, 16(2) (1989): 107-118.</ref><ref>''MEDIEVAL TRADERS AS INTERNATIONAL CHANGE AGENTS: A COMMENT'', Michael Scorgie, The Accounting Historians Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1 (June 1994), pp. 137-143</ref>
  +
* 11th century: [[Gear]]ed [[clock]] by [[Al-Muradi]]<ref name=Hassan>[[Ahmad Y Hassan|Hassan, Ahmad Y]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20140507030756/www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2071.html Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering], ''History of Science and Technology in Islam''</ref><ref name=Hill-1996>{{Cite book|title=A history of engineering in classical and medieval times|author=[[Donald Routledge Hill]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=1996|isbn=0-415-15291-7|pages=203, 223, 242}}</ref>
  +
* 11th century: [[Maintaining power|Weight]]-driven [[clock]] by Arabic engineers in [[Al-Andalus]]<ref name=Hassan/>
  +
* 1029–1087: [[Equatorium]] by [[Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://muslimheritage.com/article/abu-ishaq-ibrahim-ibn-yahya-al-zarqali#ftn35|title=Abu Ishaq Ibrahim Ibn Yahya Al-Zarqali {{!}} Muslim Heritage|website=muslimheritage.com|access-date=2018-05-09}}</ref>
  +
* 1038–1075: Mechanical [[flywheel]] by Ibn Bassal in [[Al-Andalus]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Letcher |first1=Trevor M. |title=Wind energy engineering: a handbook for onshore and offshore wind turbines |date=2017 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=0128094516 |pages=127-143 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128094518000072|quote=Ibn Bassal (AD 1038–75) of Al Andalus (Andalusia) pioneered the use of a flywheel mechanism in the noria and saqiya to smooth out the delivery of power from the driving device to the driven machine}}</ref><ref>[[Ahmad Y Hassan]], [http://www.history-science-technology.com/notes/notes4.html Flywheel Effect for a ''Saqiya''].</ref>
  +
* 1088: [[Movable type]] printing in [[Song Dynasty]] [[China]]; the first record of a movable type system is in the ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]'', which attributes the invention of the movable type to [[Bi Sheng]].<ref>Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 201–202.</ref><ref name="gernet 1996 335">Gernet (1996), 335.</ref><ref name="bowman 2000 599">Bowman (2000), 599.</ref><ref name="day mcneil 70">Day & McNeil (1996), 70.</ref>
   
 
===12th century===
  
===12th century===
Line 586: Line 730:
 
* [[Fireworks]] in [[China]]
  
* [[Fireworks]] in [[China]]
 
* [[Sunglasses]] in [[China]]
  
* [[Sunglasses]] in [[China]]
  +
* 1100–1150: [[Torquetum]] by [[Jabir ibn Aflah]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lorch|first=R. P.|date=1976|title=The Astronomical Instruments of Jabir ibn Aflah and the Torquetum|journal=[[Centaurus (journal)|Centaurus]]|volume=20|issue=1|pages=11–34|bibcode=1976Cent...20...11L|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0498.1976.tb00214.x}}</ref>
  +
* 12th century: [[Sugar refinery]] in [[Egypt]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Satō |first1=Tsugitaka |title=State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam: Sultans, Muqtaʻs, and Fallahun |date=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004106499 |pages=119, 211, 215 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MycQL-9_bqwC}}</ref>
  +
* 1187: Counterweight [[trebuchet]] by [[Mardi ibn Ali al-Tarsusi]]<ref name="Bradbury 1992">{{cite book |last= Bradbury |first= Jim |title= The Medieval Siege |publisher= The Boydell Press |year= 1992 |isbn= 0-85115-312-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/weaponry-the-trebuchet.htm |title=Arms and Men: The Trebuchet |publisher=Historynet.com |accessdate=2016-08-29 }}</ref>
  +
* 1200: [[Guitar]] ([[guitarra morisca]] and [[guitarra latina]]) in Spain<ref>Tom and Mary Anne Evans. ''Guitars: From the Renaissance to Rock.'' Paddington Press Ltd 1977 p.16</ref>
  +
* 1188–1248: [[Essential oil]] by [[Ibn al-Baitar]]<ref name="Houtsma1993">{{cite book |first= M.Th. |last= Houtsma |title= E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |volume= 4 |year= 1993 |publisher= [[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn= 978-90-04-09790-2 |pages=1011– }}</ref>
   
 
===13th century===
  
===13th century===
Line 644: Line 793:
 
* [[Condom]] in [[Italy in the Middle Ages|Italy]]
  
* [[Condom]] in [[Italy in the Middle Ages|Italy]]
 
* [[Snakes and ladders]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Augustyn> Augustyn, pages 27-28</ref>
  
* [[Snakes and ladders]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Augustyn> Augustyn, pages 27-28</ref>
  +
* 1206: [[Bayonet mount]] by [[Ismail al-Jazari]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ancient Discoveries, Episode 12: Machines of the East|publisher=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwGfw1YW9Js|accessdate=2008-09-07}}</ref>
  +
* 1206: [[Two-cylinder]] [[reciprocating piston pump]] with [[Double-action piston engine|double-action piston]] mechanism by [[Ismail al-Jazari]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cropley |first1=David |title=Homo Problematis Solvendis - Problem-solving Man: A History of Human Creativity |date=2019 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811331015 |pages=50-51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHyGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50}}</ref>
  +
* 1206: [[Crankshaft]] first appears in two water-lifting machines by [[Ismail al-Jazari]]<ref name="Hill1979">{{citation|title=The book of ingenious devices (Kitāb al-ḥiyal)|author=[[Banu Musa]] (authors), [[Donald Routledge Hill]] (translator)|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|year=1979|isbn=90-277-0833-9|pages=23–4}}</ref>
  +
* 1206: [[Slider-crank linkage|Crank-slider]] mechanism by [[Ismail al-Jazari]]<ref>{{citation|title=al-Jazari (1136–1206)|author=Lotfi Romdhane & Saïd Zeghloul|journal=History of Mechanism and Machine Science|volume=7|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|issn=1875-3442|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-2346-9|year=2010|isbn=978-90-481-2346-9|pages=1–21}}</ref>
  +
* 1206: [[Glued laminated timber|Laminated timber]], [[paper model]] and [[calibrated orifice]] by [[Al-Jazari]]<ref>[[Donald Hill]], "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", ''[[Scientific American]]'', May 1991, pp. 64–9 ([[cf.]] [[Donald Hill]], [http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm Mechanical Engineering] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225091836/http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm |date=25 December 2007}})</ref>
  +
* 1206: [[Program (machine)|Programmable]] [[humanoid robot]]s (musical automata band) by [[Al-Jazari]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments|first=Charles B.|last=Fowler|journal=Music Educators Journal|volume=54|issue=2|date=October 1967|pages=45–49|doi=10.2307/3391092|jstor=3391092}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments|first=Charles B.|last=Fowler|journal=Music Educators Journal|volume=54|issue=2|date=October 1967|pages=45–49|doi=10.2307/3391092|jstor=3391092}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments |first=Charles B.|last=Fowler|journal=Music Educators Journal|volume=54|issue=2|date=October 1967|pages=45–49|doi=10.2307/3391092|publisher=MENC_ The National Association for Music Education|jstor=3391092}}</ref>
  +
* 1234: Metal [[movable type]] printing in [[Korea]]<ref name="christensen">{{cite web |url = http://www.rightreading.com/printing/gutenberg.asia/gutenberg-asia-1-introduction.htm |title = Did East Asian Printing Traditions Influence the European Renaissance? |author = Thomas Christensen |accessdate = 2006-10-18 |year = 2007 |publisher = Arts of Asia Magazine (to appear)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Sohn |first = Pow-Key |title = Printing Since the 8th Century in Korea |date = Summer 1993 |journal = Koreana |volume = 7 |issue = 2 |pages = 4–9 |url = http://koreana.kf.or.kr/popup.asp?article_id=309}}</ref>
  +
* 13th century: [[Caravel]] in [[Al-Andalus]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hobson|first1=John M.|title=The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation|date=2004|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521547246|page=141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQN85hrJyT4C&pg=PA141}}</ref>
  +
* 1270: [[Torpedo]] by [[Hasan al-Rammah]]<ref>{{citation | first= James Riddick | last= Partington | authorlink = J. R. Partington | title=A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | year=1999 | page=203 | isbn=0-8018-5954-9 | url=https://books.google.com/?id=30IJLnwpc8EC}}</ref>
  +
* 13th century: [[Sitar]] by [[Amir Khusrow]] in India's [[Delhi Sultanate]]<ref>{{cite|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=__uUoaurFisC&pg=PA2988|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|page=2988|year=2002|}}</ref><ref name="lata">{{cite|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=92QXf8B2VXIC&pg=PA24|title=The Journey of the Sitar in Indian Classical Music|author=Swarn Lata|page=24|year=2013|}}</ref>
   
 
===14th century===
  
===14th century===
Line 662: Line 821:
 
* [[Arquebus]] in [[China]] and [[Middle East]]
  
* [[Arquebus]] in [[China]] and [[Middle East]]
 
* [[Katana]] in [[Japan]]
  
* [[Katana]] in [[Japan]]
−
* [[Musket]] in [[China]]
  
 
* [[Spherical astrolabe]] in the [[Middle East]]
  
* [[Spherical astrolabe]] in the [[Middle East]]
  +
* 13th century to 14th century: [[Cotton gin]] with [[worm gear]] in India's [[Delhi Sultanate]]<ref>[[Irfan Habib]] (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA53 ''Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500'', p. 53], [[Pearson Education]]</ref>
  +
* 13th century to 1540: [[Draw bar]] in [[Delhi]], [[India]], during the [[Delhi Sultanate]] or [[Mughal Empire]]<ref name="Habib53">[[Irfan Habib]] (2011), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA53 ''Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500'', page 53], [[Pearson Education]]</ref>
  +
* 14th century to 16th century: [[Cotton gin]] with [[Crank (mechanism)|crank]] handle in northern India during the late [[Delhi Sultanate]] or the early [[Mughal Empire]]<ref>[[Irfan Habib]] (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA53 ''Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500'', pp. 53–54], [[Pearson Education]]</ref>
   
 
===15th century===
  
===15th century===
Line 677: Line 838:
 
* 1498: Bristle [[toothbrush]]: [[Hongzhi Emperor]]
  
* 1498: Bristle [[toothbrush]]: [[Hongzhi Emperor]]
 
* [[Iron]]-chain [[suspension bridge]] in [[China]]
  
* [[Iron]]-chain [[suspension bridge]] in [[China]]
  +
* Early 15th century: [[Matchlock]] [[arquebus]] in [[Ottoman Empire]]<ref name="Agoston">{{cite journal |last1=Ágoston |first1=Gábor |title=Military Transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800 |journal=Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History |date=2011 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=281–319 [294] |doi=10.1353/kri.2011.0018}}</ref>
−
* [[Rifle]] in [[History of Europe|Europe]]
  
  +
* Mid-15th century: [[Coffee]] in [[Sufi]] monasteries of [[Yemen]], [[Southern Arabia]].<ref name=Bennett>{{Citation |author2=Bonnie K. Bealer|title=The world of caffeine|year=2001|pages=Page 3–4|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Qyz5CnOaH9oC&pg=PA3&dq=coffee+goat+ethiopia+Kaldi|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-92723-9|author1=Weinberg, Bennett Alan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ireland|first=Corydon|title=Of the bean I sing|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/?p=86444|website=[[Harvard Gazette]]|accessdate=21 July 2011}}</ref>
  +
* 1465: [[Musket]] in Ottoman Empire<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ayalon |first1=David |title=Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom: A Challenge to Medieval Society (1956) |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781136277320 |page=126 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmpySZZNJhcC&pg=PT126}}</ref>
   
 
===16th century===
  
===16th century===
−
* c. 1500: [[Ball bearing]]: [[Leonardo Da Vinci]]
 +
* c. 1500: [[Ball bearing]]: [[Leonardo Da Vinci]] in [[Italy]]
−
* c. 1500: [[Scissors]]: [[Leonardo Da Vinci]]
 +
* c. 1500: [[Scissors]]: [[Leonardo Da Vinci]] in [[Italy]]
 
* 1524: [[Pocket watch]]: [[Peter Henlein]]<ref name=Hassani>{{cite web|author=[[Salim Al-Hassani]]|title=The Astronomical Clock of Taqi Al-Din: Virtual Reconstruction|publisher=FSTC|url=http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=947|date=19 June 2008|accessdate=2008-07-02}}</ref>
  
* 1524: [[Pocket watch]]: [[Peter Henlein]]<ref name=Hassani>{{cite web|author=[[Salim Al-Hassani]]|title=The Astronomical Clock of Taqi Al-Din: Virtual Reconstruction|publisher=FSTC|url=http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=947|date=19 June 2008|accessdate=2008-07-02}}</ref>
 
* 1540: [[Diethyl ether|Ether]]: [[Valerius Cordus]]
  
* 1540: [[Diethyl ether|Ether]]: [[Valerius Cordus]]
 
* 1551: [[Steam turbine]]: [[Taqi al-Din]] in [[Ottoman Egypt]]<ref name=Taqi>[[Ahmad Y Hassan]] (1976). ''Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering'', p. 34-35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, [[University of Aleppo]].</ref>
  
* 1551: [[Steam turbine]]: [[Taqi al-Din]] in [[Ottoman Egypt]]<ref name=Taqi>[[Ahmad Y Hassan]] (1976). ''Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering'', p. 34-35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, [[University of Aleppo]].</ref>
 
* 1556: [[Spring (device)|Spring]]-powered [[clock]]: [[Peter Henlein]] and [[Taqi al-Din]]<ref name=Hassani/><ref>{{cite web|author=[[Donald Routledge Hill]] and [[Ahmad Y Hassan]]|title=Engineering in Arabic-Islamic Civilization|url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2011.htm|work=History of Science and Technology in Islam|accessdate=2008-07-03}}</ref>
  
* 1556: [[Spring (device)|Spring]]-powered [[clock]]: [[Peter Henlein]] and [[Taqi al-Din]]<ref name=Hassani/><ref>{{cite web|author=[[Donald Routledge Hill]] and [[Ahmad Y Hassan]]|title=Engineering in Arabic-Islamic Civilization|url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2011.htm|work=History of Science and Technology in Islam|accessdate=2008-07-03}}</ref>
−
* 1556: [[Spring (device)|Spring]]-powered [[minute]]s [[pocket watch]]: [[Taqi al-Din]]<ref name=Hassani>{{cite web|author=[[Salim Al-Hassani]]|title=The Astronomical Clock of Taqi Al-Din: Virtual Reconstruction|publisher=FSTC Limited|url=http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=947|date=19 June 2008|accessdate=2008-07-02}}</ref>
 +
* 1556: [[Spring (device)|Spring]]-powered [[minute]]s [[pocket watch]]: [[Taqi al-Din]]<ref name=Hassani>{{cite web|author=[[Salim Al-Hassani]]|title=The Astronomical Clock of Taqi Al-Din: Virtual Reconstruction|publisher=FSTC Limited|url=http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=947|date=19 June 2008|accessdate=2008-07-02}}</ref> in [[Ottoman Egypt]]
−
* 1559: [[Six cylinder engine|Six-cylinder]] [[pump]]: [[Taqi al-Din]]<ref>{{cite journal | first = Donald | last = Routledge Hill | authorlink = Donald Routledge Hill | title = Engineering | editor = Roshdi Rashed | journal = [[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]] | volume = 2 | pages = 751–795 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | location = London and New York}}</ref>
 +
* 1559: [[Six cylinder engine|Six-cylinder]] [[pump]]: [[Taqi al-Din]]<ref>{{cite journal | first = Donald | last = Routledge Hill | authorlink = Donald Routledge Hill | title = Engineering | editor = Roshdi Rashed | journal = [[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]] | volume = 2 | pages = 751–795 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | location = London and New York}}</ref> in [[Ottoman Egypt]]
 
* 1565: [[Pencil]]: [[Conrad Gesner]]<ref name=Britannica/><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9059044/pencil pencil], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>
  
* 1565: [[Pencil]]: [[Conrad Gesner]]<ref name=Britannica/><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9059044/pencil pencil], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>
−
* 1577-1580: Mechanical [[second]]s [[clock]]: [[Taqi al-Din]]<ref name=Tekeli>Sevim Tekeli, "Taqi al-Din", in Helaine Selin (1997), ''Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures'', [[Kluwer Academic Publishers]], ISBN 0792340663</ref><ref>{{citation|first=Aydin|last=Sayili|authorlink=Aydin Sayili|title=The Observatory in Islam|year=1991|pages=289–305}} ([[cf.]] {{cite web|author=Dr. Salim Ayduz|title=Taqi al-Din Ibn Ma’ruf: A Bio-Bibliographical Essay|url=http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=949|date=26 June 2008|accessdate=2008-07-04}})</ref>
 +
* 1570s: [[Telescope]]: [[Taqi al-Din]]<ref name=Topdemir>{{citation|first=Hüseyin Gazi|last=Topdemir|title=Takîyüddîn'in Optik Kitabi|publisher=Ministery of Culture Press, [[Ankara]]|year=1999}} ([[cf.]] {{cite web|author=Dr. Hüseyin Gazi Topdemir|title=Taqi al-Din ibn Ma‘ruf and the Science of Optics: The Nature of Light and the Mechanism of Vision|publisher=FSTC Limited|url=http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=951|date=30 June 2008|accessdate=2008-07-04}})</ref> in [[Ottoman Empire]]
  +
* 1577-1580: Mechanical [[second]]s [[clock]]: [[Taqi al-Din]]<ref name=Tekeli>Sevim Tekeli, "Taqi al-Din", in Helaine Selin (1997), ''Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures'', [[Kluwer Academic Publishers]], ISBN 0792340663</ref><ref>{{citation|first=Aydin|last=Sayili|authorlink=Aydin Sayili|title=The Observatory in Islam|year=1991|pages=289–305}} ([[cf.]] {{cite web|author=Dr. Salim Ayduz|title=Taqi al-Din Ibn Ma’ruf: A Bio-Bibliographical Essay|url=http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=949|date=26 June 2008|accessdate=2008-07-04}})</ref> at [[w:c:islam:Istanbul observatory of Taqi al-Din|Istanbul observatory]], [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkey]]
−
* 1579: [[Prefabricated home]]: [[Akbar the Great]]<ref name=Habib>Irfan Habib (1992), "Akbar and Technology", ''Social Scientist'' '''20''' (9-10), pp. 3-15 [3-4].</ref>
  
−
* 1579: Movable [[structure]]: [[Akbar the Great]]<ref name=Habib/>
 +
* 1579: [[Prefabricated home]]: [[Akbar the Great]]<ref name=Habib>Irfan Habib (1992), "Akbar and Technology", ''Social Scientist'' '''20''' (9-10), pp. 3-15 [3-4].</ref> in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]
  +
* 1579: Movable [[structure]]: [[Akbar the Great]]<ref name=Habib/> in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]
 
* c. 1580: [[Hookah]]: Hakim Abul Fateh Gilani in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]<ref name=Rousselet290>Rousselet (1875), page 290</ref><ref name=Sivaramakrishnan4-5>Sivaramakrishnan (2001), pages 4-5</ref><ref name=Blechynden215>Blechynden (1905), page 215</ref>
  
* c. 1580: [[Hookah]]: Hakim Abul Fateh Gilani in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]<ref name=Rousselet290>Rousselet (1875), page 290</ref><ref name=Sivaramakrishnan4-5>Sivaramakrishnan (2001), pages 4-5</ref><ref name=Blechynden215>Blechynden (1905), page 215</ref>
−
* 1582: [[Autocannon]]: [[Fathullah Shirazi]]<ref name=Bag>A. K. Bag (2005), "Fathullah Shirazi: Cannon, Multi-barrel Gun and Yarghu", ''Indian Journal of History of Science'' '''40''' (3): 431-36</ref>
 +
* 1582: [[Autocannon]]: [[Fathullah Shirazi]]<ref name=Bag>A. K. Bag (2005), "Fathullah Shirazi: Cannon, Multi-barrel Gun and Yarghu", ''Indian Journal of History of Science'' '''40''' (3): 431-36</ref> in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]
−
* 1582: Multi-[[Gun barrel|barrel]] [[gun]]: [[Fathullah Shirazi]]<ref name=Bag/>
 +
* 1582: Multi-[[Gun barrel|barrel]] [[gun]]: [[Fathullah Shirazi]]<ref name=Bag/> in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]
−
* 1582: Grain-griding [[carriage]]: [[Fathullah Shirazi]]<ref name="Amir">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-bE9AAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage&client=firefox-a#PPA281,M1|title=The Emperor Akbar|author=Friedrich Christian Charles August|coauthors=Gustav von Buchwald|publisher=Trübner & Co.|year=1890|accessdate=2008-04-04}}</ref>
 +
* 1582: Grain-griding [[carriage]]: [[Fathullah Shirazi]]<ref name="Amir">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-bE9AAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage&client=firefox-a#PPA281,M1|title=The Emperor Akbar|author=Friedrich Christian Charles August|coauthors=Gustav von Buchwald|publisher=Trübner & Co.|year=1890|accessdate=2008-04-04}}</ref> in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]
 
* 1589: [[Stocking frame]]: [[William Lee (inventor)|William Lee]]
  
* 1589: [[Stocking frame]]: [[William Lee (inventor)|William Lee]]
 
* 1589-1590: [[Seamlessness|Seamless]] [[celestial globe]]: [[Astronomy in medieval Islam|Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman]] in [[Kashmir]], [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]<ref name=Emilie>{{citation|first=Emilie|last=Savage-Smith|title=Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their history, Construction, and Use|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.|year=1985}}</ref>
  
* 1589-1590: [[Seamlessness|Seamless]] [[celestial globe]]: [[Astronomy in medieval Islam|Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman]] in [[Kashmir]], [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]<ref name=Emilie>{{citation|first=Emilie|last=Savage-Smith|title=Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their history, Construction, and Use|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.|year=1985}}</ref>
−
* 1589-1590: [[Seamlessness|Seamless]] metal [[sphere]]: [[Islamic astronomy|Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman]]<ref name=Emilie/>
 +
* 1589-1590: [[Seamlessness|Seamless]] metal [[sphere]]: [[Islamic astronomy|Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman]]<ref name=Emilie/> in [[Kashmir]], [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]
 
* c. 1590: [[Microscope|Compound microscope]]: [[Zacharias Janssen]], [[Hans Janssen]], [[Hans Lippershey]] <ref>[http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200403/history.cfm American Physical Society - This Month in Physics - History Lens Crafters Circa 1590: Invention of the Microscope] </ref>
  
* c. 1590: [[Microscope|Compound microscope]]: [[Zacharias Janssen]], [[Hans Janssen]], [[Hans Lippershey]] <ref>[http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200403/history.cfm American Physical Society - This Month in Physics - History Lens Crafters Circa 1590: Invention of the Microscope] </ref>
 
* 1592: [[Turtle Ship|Ironclad Warship]]: [[Yi Sun-sin]] in [[Korea]]
  
* 1592: [[Turtle Ship|Ironclad Warship]]: [[Yi Sun-sin]] in [[Korea]]
−
* 1593: [[Galileo thermometer|Thermoscope]]: [[Galileo Galilei]]
 +
* 1593: [[Galileo thermometer|Thermoscope]]: [[Galileo Galilei]] in [[Italy]]
 
* 1596: [[Water closet]]: John Harrington & Thomas Crapper
  
* 1596: [[Water closet]]: John Harrington & Thomas Crapper
 
* [[Chintz]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=eb-chintz>Encyclopedia Britannica (2008). ''chintz''</ref>
  
* [[Chintz]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=eb-chintz>Encyclopedia Britannica (2008). ''chintz''</ref>
Line 710: Line 874:
 
* [[Shuriken]] in [[Japan]]
  
* [[Shuriken]] in [[Japan]]
 
* [[Concealed weapon]] in [[Japan]]
  
* [[Concealed weapon]] in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1514-1605: [[Hookah]] water pipe by [[Ahli Shirazi]] ([[Safavid Persia]]) and Irfan Shaikh ([[Mughal India]])<ref name="iranica">{{cite web | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/galyan- | title=ḠALYĀN |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Iranica]] | date=15 December 2000 | accessdate=19 December 2012 | author=Razpush, Shahnaz | pages=261–265 | volume=X}}</ref>
  +
* 1551: [[Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf|Taqi ad-Din]] describes a [[steam turbine]] used in [[steam jack]]s.<ref>Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y., Taqi ad-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, with an offset copy of MS Chester Beatty No. 5232, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo, 1976, pp. 38-42</ref> It was the first [[impulse steam turbine]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=David Gordon |last2=Korakianitis |first2=Theodosios |title=The Design of High-Efficiency Turbomachinery and Gas Turbines |date=2014 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=9780262526685 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwGZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3}}</ref>
  +
* 1551: [[Chain pump|Rag-and-chain pump]] by [[Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf]]<ref name="Hassani1979">{{Cite journal|last=Hassani|first=A. M.|date=1979|title=Arab Scientists Revisited: Ibn Ash-Shatir and Taqi ed-Din|bibcode=1979HisSc..17..135H|journal=History of Science|volume=17|pages=135–140|via=NASA Astrophysics Data System}}</ref>
  +
* 1551: [[Six-cylinder]] [[pump]] by [[Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hill|first=Donald R.|date=1978|title=Review of Taq&#x12b;-al-D&#x12b;n and Arabic Mechanical Engineering. With the Sublime Methods of Spiritual Machines. An Arabic Manuscript of the Sixteenth Century|jstor=230643|journal=Isis|volume=69|issue=1|pages=117–118}}</ref>
  +
* 16th century: [[Marching band]] ([[Ottoman military band]]) in the [[Ottoman Empire]]<ref>{{citation|title=The impact of Turkish military bands on European court festivals in the 17th and 18th centuries|first=Edmund A.|last=Bowles|journal=Early Music|year=2006|volume=34|issue=4|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=533–60|doi=10.1093/em/cal103}}</ref>
  +
* 1577–1580: [[Parallel rulers]] by [[Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf]] at the [[Constantinople Observatory of Taqi ad-Din]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers|last=Fazlıoğlu|first=İhsan|date=2014|publisher=Springer, New York, NY|pages=2123–2126|doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7_1360|chapter = Taqī al-Dīn Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zayn al-Dīn Maҁrūf al-Dimashqī al-Ḥanafī|isbn = 978-1-4419-9916-0}}</ref>
  +
* 1582: A rapid-fire [[Multiple-barrel firearm|multi-barrel]] [[volley gun]] with a [[matchlock]] trigger is invented by [[Fathullah Shirazi]] for [[Akbar the Great]] in [[Mughal India]].<ref name="Fathullah Shirazi">{{cite journal|last=Bag|first=A.K.|title=Fathullah Shirazi: Cannon, Multi-barrel Gun and Yarghu|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|year=2005|volume=40|issue=3|pages=431–436|issn=0019-5235}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Science and technology in early modern Islam, c.1450-c.1850|first=William Gervase|last=Clarence-Smith|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/economicHistory/GEHN/GEHNPDF/ScienceandTechnology-WGCS.pdf|publisher=Global Economic History Network, [[London School of Economics]]|page=7}}</ref>
  +
* 1542-1605: Metal-cylinder [[rocket]] deployed by [[Akbar the Great]] in [[Mughal India]].<ref>{{cite web|author=MughalistanSipahi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lbzr26t8H2U |title=Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 3 |via=YouTube |date=19 June 2010 |accessdate=28 November 2012}}</ref>
   
 
===17th century===
  
===17th century===
Line 739: Line 911:
 
* 1700: [[Piano]]: [[Bartolomeo Cristofori]]
  
* 1700: [[Piano]]: [[Bartolomeo Cristofori]]
 
* [[Palampore]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=eb-interior-design>Encyclopedia Britannica (2008). ''interior design''</ref><ref name=eb-crewel-work>Encyclopedia Britannica (2008). ''crewel work''</ref>
  
* [[Palampore]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=eb-interior-design>Encyclopedia Britannica (2008). ''interior design''</ref><ref name=eb-crewel-work>Encyclopedia Britannica (2008). ''crewel work''</ref>
  +
* 1621: [[Rack-and-pinion]] mechanism in Turkish [[musket]]s of the [[Ottoman Empire]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Needham |first1=Joseph |title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic |date=1987 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521303583 |page=446 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNcZJ35dIyUC&pg=PA446}}</ref>
  +
* 1633: [[Rocket-aircraft|Rocket flight]] by [[Lagâri Hasan Çelebi]]<ref>Winter, Frank H. (1992). "Who First Flew in a Rocket?", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 45 (July 1992), p. 275-80</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Flying's strangest moments: extraordinary but true stories from over one thousand years of aviation history|first=John|last=Harding|publisher=[[Anova Books|Robson Publishing]]|year=2006|isbn=1-86105-934-5|page=5}}</ref>
  +
* 17th century: [[Banjo]] in [[West Africa]]<ref name=grove>{{cite web|last1=Odell|first1=Jay Scott|title=Banjo |url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2256043|website=Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online.|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=23 February 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
  +
* 17th century: [[Flush deck]] in [[Bengal Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] (modern [[Bangladesh]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucd.ie/t4cms/WP17_11.pdf|title=Technological Dynamism in a Stagnant Sector: Safety at Sea during the Early Industrial Revolution|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
  +
* 17th century: [[Roller mill]] in [[Mughal India]]<ref name="Habib53"/>
   
 
===18th century===
  
===18th century===
Line 758: Line 935:
 
* 1777: [[Circular saw]]: [[Samuel Miller]]
  
* 1777: [[Circular saw]]: [[Samuel Miller]]
 
* 1779: [[Spinning mule]]: [[Samuel Crompton]]
  
* 1779: [[Spinning mule]]: [[Samuel Crompton]]
  +
* 1780: The [[Mysorean rockets]], the first iron-cased rockets and the first [[missile]]s, are deployed by the [[Mysore Sultanate]]'s [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] against the British at the [[Battle of Pollilur (1780)|Battle of Pollilur]] in [[South India]]. They later inspired the [[Congreve rocket]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yazdani |first1=Kaveh |title=India, Modernity and the Great Divergence: Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.) |date=2017 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004330795 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdrzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 |quote=According to Amithaba Ghosh, 'Tipu's rockets could be considered as the first missiles, because the rocket could only carry itself, the propellant, its casing and the stabilizing stick', while 'the missile is distinguished by its ability to carry something more - like the sword or the bomb'. Tipu also used sword fixed rockets.}}</ref>
 
* 1780s: [[Iron]]-cased [[rocket]]: [[Tipu Sultan]] in [[India]]<ref name=Narasimha>Roddam Narasimha (1985), [http://nal-ir.nal.res.in/2382/01/tr_pd_du_8503_R66305.pdf Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750-1850 A.D.], National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science</ref>
  
* 1780s: [[Iron]]-cased [[rocket]]: [[Tipu Sultan]] in [[India]]<ref name=Narasimha>Roddam Narasimha (1985), [http://nal-ir.nal.res.in/2382/01/tr_pd_du_8503_R66305.pdf Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750-1850 A.D.], National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science</ref>
 
* 1780s: [[Metal]]-[[Cylinder (firearms)|cylinder]] [[rocket artillery]]: [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] in [[India]]<ref name=r&ms>''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' (2008), "rocket and missile"</ref>
  
* 1780s: [[Metal]]-[[Cylinder (firearms)|cylinder]] [[rocket artillery]]: [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] in [[India]]<ref name=r&ms>''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' (2008), "rocket and missile"</ref>
Line 798: Line 976:
   
 
====1840s====
  
====1840s====
  +
* 1840s: Vertical [[rotisserie]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]]<ref name="Isin 2018">{{cite book |first1=Priscilla Mary |last1=Isin |title=Bountiful Empire: A History of Ottoman Cuisine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0D5tDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT170 |publisher=Reaktion Books |date=15 May 2018 |isbn=978-1-78023-939-2 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/living/food-drink/article74387692.html |title=Seeking shawarma? Pining for (al) pastor? We find 4 great shaved meats around Charlotte |website=''charlotteobserver.com'' |accessdate=4 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Marks 2010">{{cite book |first1=Gil |last1=Marks |title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFK_yx7Ps7cC&pg=PT1682 |publisher=HMH |date=17 November 2010 |isbn=978-0-544-18631-6 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
 
* 1843: [[Typewriter]]: [[Charles Thurber]]
  
* 1843: [[Typewriter]]: [[Charles Thurber]]
 
* 1843: [[Ice cream]] maker: [[Nancy Johnson (ice cream)|Nancy Johnson]]
  
* 1843: [[Ice cream]] maker: [[Nancy Johnson (ice cream)|Nancy Johnson]]
Line 879: Line 1,058:
 
* 1926: [[Directional antenna]]: [[Hidetsugu Yagi]] & [[Shintaro Uda]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1926: [[Directional antenna]]: [[Hidetsugu Yagi]] & [[Shintaro Uda]] in [[Japan]]
 
* 1926: [[High-gain antenna]]: [[Hidetsugu Yagi]] & [[Shintaro Uda]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1926: [[High-gain antenna]]: [[Hidetsugu Yagi]] & [[Shintaro Uda]] in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1926: [[Kenjiro Takayanagi]] invents the first electronic [[television]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Development_of_Electronic_Television,_1924-1941|title=Milestones:Development of Electronic Television, 1924-1941|accessdate=June 15, 2017}}</ref>
 
* 1927: Mechanical [[cotton picker]]: [[John Rust]]
  
* 1927: Mechanical [[cotton picker]]: [[John Rust]]
 
* 1928: [[Sliced bread]]: [[Otto Frederick Rohwedder]]
  
* 1928: [[Sliced bread]]: [[Otto Frederick Rohwedder]]
Line 884: Line 1,064:
 
* 1928: [[Raman effect]]: [[Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman]]<ref>''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' (2008), "Raman effect"</ref> in [[India]]
  
* 1928: [[Raman effect]]: [[Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman]]<ref>''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' (2008), "Raman effect"</ref> in [[India]]
 
* 1928: [[Magnetism|Magnetic interference balance]]: [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] & K. N. Mathur<ref name=Vigyan_prasar_Shanti_Swaryp>[http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/ssbhatnagar/ShantiSwarupBhatnagar.htm ''Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar'']. Vigyan Prasar: Government of India.</ref> in [[India]]
  
* 1928: [[Magnetism|Magnetic interference balance]]: [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] & K. N. Mathur<ref name=Vigyan_prasar_Shanti_Swaryp>[http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/ssbhatnagar/ShantiSwarupBhatnagar.htm ''Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar'']. Vigyan Prasar: Government of India.</ref> in [[India]]
  +
* 1928: [[KS steel]] by [[Kotaro Honda]]<ref>''Magnetic properties of matter'', Kotaro Honda (1928)</ref>
 
* [[Phototelegraphic transmission]]: [[Yasujiro Niwa]] in [[Japan]]
  
* [[Phototelegraphic transmission]]: [[Yasujiro Niwa]] in [[Japan]]
 
* [[Mechanical television]]: [[Yasujiro Niwa]] in [[Japan]]
  
* [[Mechanical television]]: [[Yasujiro Niwa]] in [[Japan]]
Line 891: Line 1,072:
 
* 1931: [[Magnet]]ic [[steel]]: [[Kotaro Honda]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1931: [[Magnet]]ic [[steel]]: [[Kotaro Honda]] in [[Japan]]
 
* 1931: [[Alnico]]: [[Tokuhichi Mishima]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1931: [[Alnico]]: [[Tokuhichi Mishima]] in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1931: [[MKM steel]]: [[Tokuhichi Mishima]] in [[Japan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Tokushichi Mishima MK Magnetic Steel|url=http://www.jpo.go.jp/seido_e/rekishi_e/tokushi_mishima.htm|access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2027997.pdf|title=Permanent magnet containing copper|access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref>
−
* 1931: [[MKM steel]]: [[Tokuhichi Mishima]] in [[Japan]]
  
  +
* 1934: [[Switching circuit theory]] is introduced by [[Akira Nakashima]],<ref>[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ieejfms/124/8/124_8_720/_article History of Research on Switching Theory in Japan], ''IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials'', Vol. 124 (2004) No. 8, pp. 720–726, [[Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/0002.html|title=Switching Theory/Relay Circuit Network Theory/Theory of Logical Mathematics – IPSJ Computer Museum|first=Information Processing Society of|last=Japan|website=museum.ipsj.or.jp|accessdate=25 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="historical">Radomir S. Stanković ([[University of Niš]]), Jaakko T. Astola ([[Tampere University of Technology]]), Mark G. Karpovsky ([[Boston University]]), [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.66.1248 Some Historical Remarks on Switching Theory], 2007, DOI 10.1.1.66.1248</ref><ref name="nakashima">Radomir S. Stanković, Jaakko Astola (2008), [http://ticsp.cs.tut.fi/reports/reprint-nakashima-rr.pdf Reprints from the Early Days of Information Sciences: TICSP Series On the Contributions of Akira Nakashima to Switching Theory], TICSP Series #40, Tampere International Center for Signal Processing, [[Tampere University of Technology]]</ref> laying the foundations for [[digital circuit]] design, in [[digital computer]]s and other areas of modern technology.<ref name="nakashima" />
 
* 1937: [[Nylon]]: [[Wallace H. Carothers]]<ref name=Britannica/>
  
* 1937: [[Nylon]]: [[Wallace H. Carothers]]<ref name=Britannica/>
 
* 1937: [[Electrocardiography|Portable electrocardiograph]]: [[Taro Takemi]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1937: [[Electrocardiography|Portable electrocardiograph]]: [[Taro Takemi]] in [[Japan]]
Line 902: Line 1,084:
 
====1940s====
  
====1940s====
 
* 1941: [[Velcro]]: [[George de Mestral]]
  
* 1941: [[Velcro]]: [[George de Mestral]]
  +
* 1942: The earliest [[Electroacoustic music|electroacoustic]] [[tape music]] recording by [[Halim El-Dabh]] in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]].<ref>Holmes, Thom. 2008. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=hCthQ-bec-QC&pg=PA156 Early Synthesizers and Experimenters]". In his ''Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture'', third edition. New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-95781-6}} (cloth); {{ISBN|978-0-415-95782-3}} (pbk), (accessed 4 June 2011), pp. 153–54 & 157</ref>
 
* 1942: [[Nuclear reactor]]: [[Enrico Fermi]]<ref name=Britannica/> and [[Robert Oppenheimer]]
  
* 1942: [[Nuclear reactor]]: [[Enrico Fermi]]<ref name=Britannica/> and [[Robert Oppenheimer]]
 
* 1942: Undersea [[Pipeline transport|oil pipeline]]: [[Operation Pluto|Hartley, Anglo-Iranian, Siemens in Operation Pluto]]
  
* 1942: Undersea [[Pipeline transport|oil pipeline]]: [[Operation Pluto|Hartley, Anglo-Iranian, Siemens in Operation Pluto]]
Line 917: Line 1,100:
 
====1950s====
  
====1950s====
 
* 1950: [[Steadicam]] [[tracking shot]]: [[Akira Kurosawa]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1950: [[Steadicam]] [[tracking shot]]: [[Akira Kurosawa]] in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1950: The [[PIN photodiode]] is invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbYgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 | title=Electronic Inventions and Discoveries: Electronics from its Earliest Beginnings to the Present Day| isbn=9781483145211| last1=Dummer| first1=G. W. A.| date=2013-10-22}}</ref>
−
* 1951: [[Combined oral contraceptive pill]]: Djerassi, Miramontes, and Rosenkranz <ref>[John Brockman, editor. The Greatest Inventions of the Past 2000 Years. Phoenix. 2000]</ref>
  
  +
* 1950: The [[static induction transistor]], a type of [[JFET]], is invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] and Y. Watanabe.<ref name="sit">[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-7263-9_11#page-1 Junction Field-Effect Devices], ''Semiconductor Devices for Power Conditioning'', 1982</ref>
−
* 1951: [[Liquid Paper]]: [[Bette Nesmith Graham]]
  
  +
* 1951: [[Combined oral contraceptive pill]]: Djerassi, Miramontes and Rosenkranz <ref>[John Brockman, editor. The Greatest Inventions of the Past 2000 Years. Phoenix. 2000]</ref> in [[United States]]
−
* 1952: [[Floppy disk]]: [[Yoshiro Nakamatsu]]<ref>David Lazarus (1995). [http://www.iht.com/articles/1995/04/10/matscon.ttt.php 'Japan's Edison' Is Country's Gadget King : Japanese Inventor Holds Record for Patent]. International Herald Tribune.</ref> in [[Japan]]
  
  +
* 1951: [[Liquid Paper]]: [[Bette Nesmith Graham]] in [[United States]]
−
* 1952: [[Optical fiber]]: [[Narinder Singh Kapany]]<ref>[http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/administration/dean/council/Kapany_Bio.html Jack Baskin School of Engineering. (2008) ''Narinder Kapany, Ph.D.''. UC Santa Cruz.]</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Indian science slows down: The decline of open-ended research|first=Gangan|last=Prathap|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=86|issue=6|date=March 2004|page=768-769 [769]}}</ref>
  
  +
* 1952: [[Floppy disk]]: [[Yoshiro Nakamatsu]]<ref>David Lazarus (1995). [http://web.archive.org/web/20060629232422/http://www.iht.com/articles/1995/04/10/matscon.ttt.php 'Japan's Edison' Is Country's Gadget King : Japanese Inventor Holds Record for Patent]. International Herald Tribune.</ref> in [[Japan]]
−
* 1952: [[History of nuclear weapons#The first thermonuclear weapons|Fusion bomb]]: [[Edward Teller]] and [[Stanislaw Ulam]]
  
  +
* 1952: [[Optical fiber]]: [[Narinder Singh Kapany]]<ref>[http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/administration/dean/council/Kapany_Bio.html Jack Baskin School of Engineering. (2008) ''Narinder Kapany, Ph.D.''. UC Santa Cruz.]</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Indian science slows down: The decline of open-ended research|first=Gangan|last=Prathap|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=86|issue=6|date=March 2004|page=768-769 [769]}}</ref> in [[India]] and [[United Kingdom]]
  +
* 1952: The [[avalanche photodiode]] is invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]].<ref name="jqr">[http://jqrmag.com/en/jqr-interview-eng/jun-ichi-nishizawa-engineer-sophia-university-special-professor/ Jun-ichi Nishizawa: Engineer, Sophia University Special Professor] (interview), ''Japan Quality Review'', 2011</ref>
  +
* 1952: [[History of nuclear weapons#The first thermonuclear weapons|Fusion bomb]]: [[Edward Teller]] and [[Stanislaw Ulam]] in [[United States]]
 
* 1953: [[Medical ultrasonography]]
  
* 1953: [[Medical ultrasonography]]
  +
* 1953: The [[optical fiber]] is invented by [[Narinder Singh Kapany]] and [[Harold Hopkins (physicist)|Harold Hopkins]].<ref name=Hecht2004>{{cite book |first=Jeff |last=Hecht |title=City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics |publisher=Oxford University |edition=revised |date=2004 |isbn=9780195162554 |pages=55–70}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Hopkins, H. H. |author2=Kapany, N. S. |lastauthoramp=yes |journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/173039b0 |volume=173|pages= 39–41 |year=1954 |title=A flexible fibrescope, using static scanning|issue=4392|bibcode = 1954Natur.173...39H }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061117/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/sciback_phy_09.pdf Two Revolutionary Optical Technologies]. Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2009. Nobelprize.org. 6 October 2009</ref>
 
* 1955: [[Video phone]]: [[Gregorio Y. Zara]] in the [[Philippines]]
  
* 1955: [[Video phone]]: [[Gregorio Y. Zara]] in the [[Philippines]]
 
* 1955: [[Reflector (photography)#Bounce lighting|Bounce lighting]]: [[Subrata Mitra]]<ref name=cinematographers>{{cite web|title=Subrata Mitra|publisher=Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers|url=http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/mitra.htm|accessdate=2009-05-22}}</ref><ref name=Cardullo>{{citation|title=Revisiting Satyajit Ray: An Interview with a Cinema Master|first=Bert|last=Cardullo|journal=Bright Lights Film Journal|issue=50|year=2005|date=November 2005|url=http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/50/rayiv.htm|accessdate=2009-05-24}}</ref> in [[Bengal]]
  
* 1955: [[Reflector (photography)#Bounce lighting|Bounce lighting]]: [[Subrata Mitra]]<ref name=cinematographers>{{cite web|title=Subrata Mitra|publisher=Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers|url=http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/mitra.htm|accessdate=2009-05-22}}</ref><ref name=Cardullo>{{citation|title=Revisiting Satyajit Ray: An Interview with a Cinema Master|first=Bert|last=Cardullo|journal=Bright Lights Film Journal|issue=50|year=2005|date=November 2005|url=http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/50/rayiv.htm|accessdate=2009-05-24}}</ref> in [[Bengal]]
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* 1957: [[Calculator#The development of electronic calculators|Electric compact calculator]]: [[Casio]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1957: [[Calculator#The development of electronic calculators|Electric compact calculator]]: [[Casio]] in [[Japan]]
 
* 1957: [[Satellite]]: [[Kerim Kerimov]] ([[Sputnik 1]]) in [[Turkestan]]
  
* 1957: [[Satellite]]: [[Kerim Kerimov]] ([[Sputnik 1]]) in [[Turkestan]]
  +
* 1957: The first artificial [[satellite]], [[Sputnik 1]], is built and launched by the [[Soviet Union]]. Its lead architects were [[Sergei Korolev]] and [[Kerim Kerimov]].<ref name=Bond>Peter Bond, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lt-gen-kerim-kerimov-36414.html Obituary: Lt-Gen Kerim Kerimov], ''[[The Independent]]'', 7 April 2003.</ref><ref name=Blair>Betty Blair (1995), "[http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/33_folder/33_articles/33_sovietaero.html Behind Soviet Aeronauts]", ''[[Azerbaijan International]]'' '''3''' (3).</ref>
−
* 1958: [[Artificial pacemaker|Implantable pacemaker]]: [[Rune Elmqvist]]
  
  +
* 1957: The [[semiconductor laser]] is invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]].<ref name="jqr"/><ref name="soh">[http://www.soh-vehe.jp/english/background3.html The Third Industrial Revolution Occurred in Sendai], Soh-VEHE International Patent Office, [[Japan Patent Attorneys Association]]</ref>
−
* 1959: [[Shinkansen|Bullet train]]: [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries]] in [[Japan]]
  
  +
* 1958: [[Artificial pacemaker|Implantable pacemaker]]: [[Rune Elmqvist]] in [[Sweden]]
 
* [[High-speed rail|Dedicated high-speed rail lines]] in [[Japan]]
  
* [[High-speed rail|Dedicated high-speed rail lines]] in [[Japan]]
 
* [[High-speed rail|High-speed]] [[narrow gauge railway]]: [[Shinkansen]] in [[Japan]]
  
* [[High-speed rail|High-speed]] [[narrow gauge railway]]: [[Shinkansen]] in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1959: [[Shinkansen|Bullet train]]: [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries]] in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1959: The [[gas laser]] is invented by [[Ali Javan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bova |first1=Ben |title=The Amazing Laser |date=1971 |publisher=Westminster Press |isbn=9780664340032 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hBQoAQAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
   
 
====1960s====
  
====1960s====
 
* 1960: [[Laser]]: [[Theodore Harold Maiman]] in [[North America]]
  
* 1960: [[Laser]]: [[Theodore Harold Maiman]] in [[North America]]
 
* 1960: [[Solid state (electronics)|Solid-state electronic]] [[calculator]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1960: [[Solid state (electronics)|Solid-state electronic]] [[calculator]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
−
* 1961: [[Human spaceflight]]: [[Yuri Gagarin]], [[Sergey Korolyov]] and [[Kerim Kerimov]]<ref name=Bond>Peter Bond, [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20030407/ai_n12692130 Obituary: Lt-Gen Kerim Kerimov], ''[[The Independent]]'', 7 April 2003.</ref> in [[Turkestan]]
 +
* 1961: [[Human spaceflight]]: [[Yuri Gagarin]], [[Sergey Korolyov]] and [[Kerim Kerimov]]<ref name=Bond>Peter Bond, [http://archive.is/20081217031520/findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20030407/ai_n12692130 Obituary: Lt-Gen Kerim Kerimov], ''[[The Independent]]'', 7 April 2003.</ref> in [[Turkestan]]
  +
* 1961: The first [[human spaceflight]], [[Yuri Gagarin]]'s 108-minute trip around the globe aboard the [[Vostok 1]], is conducted by the [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Sergei Korolev]] and [[Kerim Kerimov]].<ref name=Bond/><ref name=Blair/>
  +
* 1963: [[wikipedia:Tube (structure)|Tube structure]]: [[w:c:islam:Fazlur Khan|Fazlur Rahman Khan]] in [[United States]]
  +
* 1963: [[wikipedia:Tube (structure)|Frame tube]] structure: [[w:c:islam:Fazlur Khan|Fazlur Rahman Khan]] in [[United States]]
  +
* 1963: The [[Tube (structure)|tube]] structural system is invented by [[Fazlur Rahman Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers |access-date= 2007-05-14 |url= http://www.civenv.unimelb.edu.au/ejse/Archives/Fulltext/200101/01/20010101.htm |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070605133019/http://www.civenv.unimelb.edu.au/ejse/Archives/Fulltext/200101/01/20010101.htm |archivedate= 2007-06-05 |df= }}</ref>
  +
* 1963: [[Fiber-optic communication]] is invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]].<ref name=Bhat>{{cite book|editor=Bhat, K. N. |editor2=DasGupta, Amitava|title = Physics of semiconductor devices|publisher =Narosa Publishing House|year= 2004|location =New Delhi, India|chapter=Terahertz wave generation and light amplification using Raman effect|author1=Nishizawa, Jun-ichi |author2=Suto, Ken|lastauthoramp=yes |chapter-url =https://books.google.com/?id=2NTpSnfhResC&pg=PA27|isbn =978-81-7319-567-9|page =27}}</ref>
  +
* 1965: [[wikipedia:Tube (structure)|Trussed tube]] structure: [[w:c:islam:Fazlur Khan|Fazlur Rahman Khan]] in [[United States]]
  +
* 1965: [[Tactile paving]] invented by [[Seiichi Miyake]].<ref>R Sakaguchi, S Takasu, T Akiyama. (2000 (acc. January 27, 2014)). "Study concerning the colors of tactile blocks for the visually handicapped -- Visibility for the visually handicapped and scenic congruence for those with ordinary sight and vision.". SEPT.</ref>
  +
* 1966: The first [[automated teller machine]] (ATM), the Computer Loan Machine developed in Japan, is released.<ref>'Fast Machine With a Buck',"Pacific Star and Stripes", 7 July 1966</ref><ref>'Instant Cash with a Credit Card', "ABA Banking Journal", January 1967</ref>
  +
* Late 1960s: The first digital [[fax]] machine, the [[Dacom]] Rapidfax, is released.<ref name="etd.ohiolink.edu">[https://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/ohiou1183661772/inline ''The implementation of a personal computer-based digital facsimile information distribution system''] – Edward C. Chung, [[Ohio University]], November 1991, page 2</ref><ref name="Fax 1971, Pages 112-114">''Fax: The Principles and Practice of Facsimile Communication'', Daniel M. Costigan, Chilton Book Company, 1971, pages 112–114, 213, 239</ref>
  +
* 1967: The first fully automated [[space docking]], of [[Cosmos 186 and Cosmos 188]], is conducted by the [[Soviet Union]] and led by [[Kerim Kerimov]].<ref name=Bond>Peter Bond, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lt-gen-kerim-kerimov-36414.html Obituary: Lt-Gen Kerim Kerimov], ''[[The Independent]]'', 7 April 2003.</ref><ref name=Blair>Betty Blair (1995), "[http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/33_folder/33_articles/33_sovietaero.html Behind Soviet Aeronauts]", ''[[Azerbaijan International]]'' '''3''' (3).</ref>
  +
* 1967: The first PCM ([[pulse-code modulation]]) [[digital audio]] recorder is developed by [[NHK]]'s research facilities.<ref name="Fine">{{cite journal |url=http://www.aes.org/aeshc/pdf/fine_dawn-of-digital.pdf |accessdate=2010-05-02 |journal=ARSC Journal |year=2008 |editor=Barry R. Ashpole |first=Thomas |last=Fine |title=The Dawn of Commercial Digital Recording}}</ref>
 
* 1967: [[Space dock]]: [[Kerim Kerimov]]<ref name=Bond/><ref name=Blair/> in [[Turkestan]]
  
* 1967: [[Space dock]]: [[Kerim Kerimov]]<ref name=Bond/><ref name=Blair/> in [[Turkestan]]
 
* 1967: [[Automatic Teller Machine]]: [[John Shepherd-Barron]] in [[United Kingdom]]
  
* 1967: [[Automatic Teller Machine]]: [[John Shepherd-Barron]] in [[United Kingdom]]
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* 1967: [[Hypertext]]: [[Project Xanadu]] in [[United States]]
  
* 1967: [[Hypertext]]: [[Project Xanadu]] in [[United States]]
 
* 1967: [[Quartz clock|Quartz]] [[Watch|wristwatch]]: [[Seiko]]<ref name=IEEE>{{cite web | publisher = IEEE History Center | title = Electronic Quartz Wristwatch, 1969 | url=http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/seiko.html | accessdate = 2007-08-31 }}</ref> in [[Japan]]
  
* 1967: [[Quartz clock|Quartz]] [[Watch|wristwatch]]: [[Seiko]]<ref name=IEEE>{{cite web | publisher = IEEE History Center | title = Electronic Quartz Wristwatch, 1969 | url=http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/seiko.html | accessdate = 2007-08-31 }}</ref> in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1968: The first [[Phaser (effect)|phaser]] [[effects pedal]], the [[Uni-Vibe]], is invented by Fumio Mieda of Shin-ei.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Molenda|first1=Mike|last2=Pau|first2=Les|title=The Guitar Player Book: 40 Years of Interviews, Gear, and Lessons from the World's Most Celebrated Guitar Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zu3owmYkpZ0C|year=2007|publisher=Hal Leonard|page=222|isbn=9780879307820}}</ref>
−
* 1969: [[Video cassette]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
  
  +
* 1968: The [[aperture grille]] [[cathode ray tube|CRT]] display techology is introduced by [[Sony]] with their [[Trinitron]] [[television]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030402170606/http://monitorworld.com/faq_pages/q28_page.html Aperture grille details]</ref>
  +
* 1968: The first [[Speech synthesis|text-to-speech synthesis]] system is developed by Noriko Umeda's team at the Electrotechnical Laboratory.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Klatt | first1 = D | year = 1987 | title = Review of text-to-speech conversion for English | url = | journal = Journal of the Acoustical Society of America | volume = 82 | issue = 3| pages = 737–93 | doi= 10.1121/1.395275| bibcode = 1987ASAJ...82..737K}}</ref>
 
* [[Aperture grille]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
  
* [[Aperture grille]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
 
* [[Packet switching]]: [[Paul Baran]] in [[United States]]
  
* [[Packet switching]]: [[Paul Baran]] in [[United States]]
 
* [[Shearing interferometer]]: M. V. R. K. Murty in [[India]]<ref>Shukla, pp. 20-1</ref>
  
* [[Shearing interferometer]]: M. V. R. K. Murty in [[India]]<ref>Shukla, pp. 20-1</ref>
  +
* 1969: [[Video cassette]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1969: [[Direct-drive turntable]] ([[Technics (brand)|Technics SP-10]]) invented by Shuichi Obata of [[Panasonic|Matsushita]].<ref>''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'', May 21, 1977, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT140 page 140]</ref> based in [[Osaka]].<ref name="medium">Brian Coleman, [https://medium.com/@briancoleman/the-technics-1200-hammer-of-the-gods-xxl-fall-1998-5b93180a67da The Technics 1200 — Hammer Of The Gods], [[Medium (website)|Medium]]</ref><ref name="pinch">Trevor Pinch, Karin Bijsterveld, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KuRfLG0IedYC&pg=PA515 ''The Oxford Handbook of Sound Studies'', page 515], [[Oxford University Press]]</ref>
   
 
====1970s====
  
====1970s====
 
* 1970: [[Pocket calculator]]: [[Sanyo]], [[Canon (company)|Canon]], and [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]], in [[Japan]]
  
* 1970: [[Pocket calculator]]: [[Sanyo]], [[Canon (company)|Canon]], and [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]], in [[Japan]]
 
* 1970: [[Cup noodles]]: [[Nissin Foods]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1970: [[Cup noodles]]: [[Nissin Foods]] in [[Japan]]
  +
*1970: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_(structure) Bundled tube] structure: [http://islam.wikia.com/wiki/Fazlur_Khan Fazlur Rahman Khan] ([[wikipedia:Sears Tower|Sears Tower]]) in [http://history.wikia.com/wiki/United_States United States]
  +
* 1970: [[Panasonic]] releases the first [[handheld television]], the Panasonic IC TV MODEL TR-001.<ref>''[[Popular Science]]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=9QAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26 April 1970, page 26]</ref>
  +
* 1970s: The first [[widescreen]] [[HDTV]] format, [[Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding|MUSE]] format, is developed by [[NHK]].<ref name="newscientist.com">[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13217973-400-technology-japans-future-tv-lacks-definition/ Technology: Japan's future TV lacks definition], ''[[New Scientist]]'', November 1991</ref> was a hybrid system with analog and [[Digital television|digital]] features.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/08109029808629277 | volume=16 | issue=2 | title=Digital Television in Europe and Japan | year=1998 | journal=Prometheus | pages=217–237 | last1 = Hart | first1 = Jeffrey A.}}</ref>
 
* 1971: [[w:c:gaming:Arcade game|Arcade video game]]: [[Standford University]] (''[[w:c:gaming:Galaxy Game|Galaxy Game]]'') and [[w:c:gaming:Nolan Bushnell|Nolan Bushnell]] (''[[w:c:gaming:Computer Space|Computer Space]]'') in [[United States|US]]
  
* 1971: [[w:c:gaming:Arcade game|Arcade video game]]: [[Standford University]] (''[[w:c:gaming:Galaxy Game|Galaxy Game]]'') and [[w:c:gaming:Nolan Bushnell|Nolan Bushnell]] (''[[w:c:gaming:Computer Space|Computer Space]]'') in [[United States|US]]
 
* 1971: [[Instant noodles]]: [[Momofuku Ando]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1971: [[Instant noodles]]: [[Momofuku Ando]] in [[Japan]]
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* 1971: [[Genetically modified organism]]: [[Pseudomonas]] by [[Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty]] in [[United States]]
  
* 1971: [[Genetically modified organism]]: [[Pseudomonas]] by [[Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty]] in [[United States]]
 
* 1971: [[Videocassette recorder]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1971: [[Videocassette recorder]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1971: The first commercial [[microprocessor]], the [[Intel 4004]], is released, and was invented by [[Masatoshi Shima]], [[Marcian Hoff]] and [[Federico Faggin]].<ref name=tout1>{{cite web|url=http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/busicom_141-pf_and_intel_4004.html|title=The Busicom 141-PF calculator and the Intel 4004 microprocessor|author=Nigel Tout|accessdate=November 15, 2009}}</ref><ref name="ieee-ff">[[Federico Faggin]], [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4776530 The Making of the First Microprocessor], ''IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine'', Winter 2009, [[IEEE Xplore]]</ref>
  +
* 1971: [[Karaoke]] invented by [[Daisuke Inoue]].<ref>[http://www.events-in-music.com/who-invented-the-karaoke-machine.html Who Invented the Karaoke Machine?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305204829/http://www.events-in-music.com/who-invented-the-karaoke-machine.html |date=2008-03-05 }} Events-in-Music.com</ref><ref>[http://www.inouej1.com/index.html 井上大祐【カラオケ発明者】 J-ONE/INOUE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321051214/http://www.inouej1.com/index.html |date=2009-03-21 }} Events-in-Music.com</ref><ref>''Time 100:Daisuke Inoue'', 23–30 August 1999 VOL. 154 NO. 7/8</ref>
  +
* 1971: The first [[space station]], the [[Salyut 1]], is launched by the [[Soviet Union]], with its development led by [[Kerim Kerimov]].<ref name=Bond/><ref name=Blair/>
 
* 1972: [[Mecha]]: [[Go Nagai]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1972: [[Mecha]]: [[Go Nagai]] in [[Japan]]
 
* 1972: [[Pulse-code modulation]] (PCM): [[Denon]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1972: [[Pulse-code modulation]] (PCM): [[Denon]] in [[Japan]]
 
* 1972: [[w:c:gaming:Video game console|Video game console]]: [[w:c:gaming:Ralph Baer|Ralph Baer]] ([[w:c:gaming:Magnavox Odyssey|Magnavox Odyssey]]) in [[United States]]
  
* 1972: [[w:c:gaming:Video game console|Video game console]]: [[w:c:gaming:Ralph Baer|Ralph Baer]] ([[w:c:gaming:Magnavox Odyssey|Magnavox Odyssey]]) in [[United States]]
 
* 1972: [[Microcomputer]]: [[Sord]] SMP80/X in [[Japan]]
  
* 1972: [[Microcomputer]]: [[Sord]] SMP80/X in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1972: The first [[microcomputer]], the SMP80/08, is developed by [[Sord Computer Corporation]].<ref name="katz">Michael Katz, Robert Levering, Milton Moskowitz (1985), ''Computer Entrepreneur'', page 469, [[Penguin Group]]</ref><ref name="smp80">[http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0086.html 【Sord】 SMP80/x series], [[Information Processing Society of Japan]]</ref>
 
* 1973: [[Graphical user interface]] (GUI): [[Xerox Alto]] in [[United States]]
  
* 1973: [[Graphical user interface]] (GUI): [[Xerox Alto]] in [[United States]]
 
* 1973: [[Hybrid rice]] in [[China]]<ref name="china daily modern inventions">[[China Daily]] (February 10, 2007). [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-02/10/content_806437.htm 4 Great Modern Inventions Selected]. Chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved on [[2008]]-[[06-18]].</ref>
  
* 1973: [[Hybrid rice]] in [[China]]<ref name="china daily modern inventions">[[China Daily]] (February 10, 2007). [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-02/10/content_806437.htm 4 Great Modern Inventions Selected]. Chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved on [[2008]]-[[06-18]].</ref>
  +
* 1973: The [[VHS]] (Video Home System) format is invented by Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano, who worked for [[JVC]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/20/world/shizuo-takano-68-an-engineer-who-developed-vhs-recorders.html |title=Shizuo Takano, 68, an Engineer Who Developed VHS Recorders |work=The New York Times |date=1992-01-20 |accessdate=2011-07-11 |first=Andrew |last=Pollack}}</ref>
 
* 1974: [[Microfinance]]: [[Muhammad Yunus]] in [[Bangladesh]]
  
* 1974: [[Microfinance]]: [[Muhammad Yunus]] in [[Bangladesh]]
 
* 1974: [[Microcredit]] and [[Microloan|microloan]]: [[Muhammad Yunus]] in [[Bangladesh]]
  
* 1974: [[Microcredit]] and [[Microloan|microloan]]: [[Muhammad Yunus]] in [[Bangladesh]]
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* 1976: [[Polyphony (instrument)|Polyphony]]: [[Yamaha]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1976: [[Polyphony (instrument)|Polyphony]]: [[Yamaha]] in [[Japan]]
 
* 1976: [[w:c:gaming:Cartridge|ROM cartridge]] and microprocessor [[w:c:gaming:Video game console|game console]]: [[wikipedia:Jerry Lawson (engineer)|Jerry Lawson]] ([[w:c:gaming:Fairchild Channel F|Fairchild Channel F]]) in [[United States]]
  
* 1976: [[w:c:gaming:Cartridge|ROM cartridge]] and microprocessor [[w:c:gaming:Video game console|game console]]: [[wikipedia:Jerry Lawson (engineer)|Jerry Lawson]] ([[w:c:gaming:Fairchild Channel F|Fairchild Channel F]]) in [[United States]]
  +
* 1976: The first [[digital audio]] [[optical disc]] ([[compact disc]]) is demonstrated by [[Sony]].<ref name=SonyHistorical>{{cite web|url=http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=2912|title=A Long Play Digital Audio Disc System|publisher=AES|accessdate=2009-02-14}}</ref>
 
* 1977: [[Personal stereo]]: [[Andreas Pavel]] in [[Brazil]]
  
* 1977: [[Personal stereo]]: [[Andreas Pavel]] in [[Brazil]]
 
* 1978: [[Calculator#Technical improvements|Credit-card-sized calculator]]: [[Casio]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1978: [[Calculator#Technical improvements|Credit-card-sized calculator]]: [[Casio]] in [[Japan]]
 
* 1978: [[Calculator#Technical improvements|Solar-powered calculator]]: [[Sharp]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1978: [[Calculator#Technical improvements|Solar-powered calculator]]: [[Sharp]] in [[Japan]]
 
* 1978: [[w:c:gaming:Video arcade|Video game arcade]]: [[w:c:gaming:Taito|Taito]] (''[[w:c:gaming:Space Invaders|Space Invaders]]'') in [[Japan]]
  
* 1978: [[w:c:gaming:Video arcade|Video game arcade]]: [[w:c:gaming:Taito|Taito]] (''[[w:c:gaming:Space Invaders|Space Invaders]]'') in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1978: The [[Walkman]] is developed by [[Nobutoshi Kihara]] in 1978, and released by [[Sony]] in 1979.<ref name="lem">{{cite web | last =Hormby | first =Thomas | authorlink = | title =The Story Behind the Sony Walkman | website = | publisher =Low End Mac | date =15 September 2006 | url =http://lowendmac.com/2013/the-story-behind-the-sony-walkman/ | doi = | accessdate =2007-03-04 }}</ref>
−
* 1979: [[Walkman]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
  
 
* [[Digital audio]]: [[Denon]] in [[Japan]]
  
* [[Digital audio]]: [[Denon]] in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1979: [[Walkman]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
   
 
====1980s====
  
====1980s====
 
* 1980: [[Compact Disc]]: [[Sony]]<ref name=Britannica/> in [[Japan]]
  
* 1980: [[Compact Disc]]: [[Sony]]<ref name=Britannica/> in [[Japan]]
 
* 1980: [[Flash memory]]: [[Fujio Masuoka]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Fulford|first=Benjamin|title=Unsung hero|publisher=Forbes|date=24 June 2002|accessdate=2008-03-18|url=http://www.forbes.com/global/2002/0624/030.html}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|4531203|Fujio Masuoka}}</ref> in [[Japan]]
  
* 1980: [[Flash memory]]: [[Fujio Masuoka]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Fulford|first=Benjamin|title=Unsung hero|publisher=Forbes|date=24 June 2002|accessdate=2008-03-18|url=http://www.forbes.com/global/2002/0624/030.html}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|4531203|Fujio Masuoka}}</ref> in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1980: The [[Roland TR-808]], the first fully programmable [[drum machine]], is introduced by [[Roland Corporation]].<ref name="keyboard">''[[Keyboard (magazine)|Contemporary Keyboard]]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=JDpLAAAAYAAJ Volume 7, Issues 1-6], 1981: "''The Roland TR-808 will undoubtedly become the standard for rhythm machines of the future because it does what no rhythm machine of the past has ever done. Not only does the TR-808 allow programming of individual rhythm patterns, it can also program the entire percussion track of a song from beginning to end, complete with breaks, rolls, literally anything you can think of.''"</ref>
  +
* 1980: The first [[laptop]] is invented by [[Suwa Seikosha]] employee Yukio Yokozawa in 1980,<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/FR2487094A1/en FR2487094A1 patent: Notebook computer system small]</ref> and is released by [[Seiko]] as the [[HC-20]] in 1981.<ref name="hc20">[http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0081.html 【Shinshu Seiki / Suwa Seikosha】 HC-20], [[Information Processing Society of Japan]]</ref>
  +
* 1980-1982: The first [[LCD television]]s were developed by [[Hattori Seiko]]'s [[R&D]] group from 1980.<ref name="spin">''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'', [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ImJFcBcCvUoC&pg=PA55 Jul 1985, page 55]</ref> In 1982, [[Seiko Epson]] released the first LCD television, the [[Epson]] TV Watch.<ref>[http://global.epson.com/company/corporate_history/milestone_products/14_tv_watch.html The world's first television-watch, with an active-matrix LCD], [[Epson]]</ref><ref name="peres">Michael R. Peres, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NMJxyAwGvKcC&pg=PA306 ''The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography'', page 306], [[Taylor & Francis]]</ref>
  +
* 1980-1985: The [[lithium-iron battery]] was developed from the research of [[Rachid Yazami]] and [[John B. Goodenough]] in 1980, and further developed by Tokio Yamabe and Shizukuni Yata in 1981,<ref>T. Yamabe,　K. Tanaka, K. Ohzeki, and S.Yata, Solid State Communications, 44,823, (1982)</ref> and found that it was very effective for the anode in the conventional liquid electrolyte.<ref>S. Yata, U.S. Patent #4,601,849</ref> <ref>Shizukuni Yata, Kazuyoshi Tanaka and Tokio Yamabe, Polyacene (PAS) Batteries, MRS Proceedings, Volume 496,1997</ref> which led to [[Akira Yoshino]] of [[Asahi Chemical]] building the first lithium-ion battery in 1985.<ref>P. Novak, K. Muller, K. S. V. Santhanam, O. Haas, Electrochemically Active Polymers for Rechargeable Batteries, Chem. Rev., 97, p.272 (1997)</ref>
  +
* 1981: [[3D printing]] is invented by [[Hideo Kodama]] of [[Nagoya]] Municipal Industrial Research Institute.<ref>Hideo Kodama, "A Scheme for Three-Dimensional Display by Automatic Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Model," IEICE Transactions on Electronics (Japanese Edition), vol. J64-C, No. 4, pp. 237–41, April 1981</ref><ref>Hideo Kodama, "Automatic method for fabricating a three-dimensional plastic model with photo-hardening polymer," ''Review of Scientific Instruments'', Vol. 52, No. 11, pp. 1770–73, November 1981</ref>
 
* 1981: [[Digital camera#Analog electronic cameras|Handheld electronic camera]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1981: [[Digital camera#Analog electronic cameras|Handheld electronic camera]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
 
* 1981: [[Video Floppy]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1981: [[Video Floppy]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
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* 1982: [[Flat panel display]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1982: [[Flat panel display]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
 
* 1982: [[w:c:gaming:Parallax scrolling|Parallax scrolling]]: [[w:c:gaming:Irem|Irem]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Chronology of the History of Video Games: Golden Age|url=http://www.thocp.net/software/games/golden_age.htm|first=Ted|last=Stahl|date=July 26, 2006|accessdate=2009-07-06}}</ref> in [[Japan]]
  
* 1982: [[w:c:gaming:Parallax scrolling|Parallax scrolling]]: [[w:c:gaming:Irem|Irem]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Chronology of the History of Video Games: Golden Age|url=http://www.thocp.net/software/games/golden_age.htm|first=Ted|last=Stahl|date=July 26, 2006|accessdate=2009-07-06}}</ref> in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1982: The first [[CD player]] ([[Sony CDP-101]]) is released by [[Sony]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cedmagic.com/history/sony-cdp-101.html | title = CDP-101 The first Compact Disc Audio CD Player from 1982| accessdate = 2007-02-05 | year = 2007}}</ref>
  +
* 1982: The [[neodymium magnet]] is invented independently by [General Motors]] (GM) and [[Sumitomo Metal Industries|Sumitomo Special Metals]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Neodymium magnets|url=http://www.borates.eu/boron-usage/neodymium-magnets/|website=Borates|accessdate=1 July 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729061903/http://www.borates.eu/boron-usage/neodymium-magnets/|archivedate=29 July 2016|df=}}</ref>
  +
* 1982: A [[CD-ROM]] contains [[Computer data storage|data]] accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback. It is first demonstrated by [[Denon]] in 1982.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RTwQAQAAMAAJ ''Videodisc Update'', Volumes 1-3], page 13, 1982</ref> The ''Yellow Book'' standard is later developed by [[Sony]] and [[Philips]] in 1985.<ref name="EP689208">{{Patent|EP|689208|"Method for block oriented addressing" – for block layouts see columns 1 and 2}}</ref>
 
* 1983: [[Personal digital assistant]]: [[Casio]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1983: [[Personal digital assistant]]: [[Casio]] in [[Japan]]
 
* 1983: [[Internet]] and [[TCP/IP]] network: [[Robert E. Kahn]] in [[United States]]
  
* 1983: [[Internet]] and [[TCP/IP]] network: [[Robert E. Kahn]] in [[United States]]
Line 999: Line 1,222:
 
* 1984: [[Thin-film transistor]] (TFT): [[Shunpei Yamazaki]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1984: [[Thin-film transistor]] (TFT): [[Shunpei Yamazaki]] in [[Japan]]
 
* 1985: [[Graphing calculator]]: [[Casio]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1985: [[Graphing calculator]]: [[Casio]] in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1985: [[Lithium-ion battery]] invented by [[Akira Yoshino]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sonyenergy-devices.co.jp/en/keyword |title=Keywords to understanding Sony Energy Devices |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224245/http://www.sonyenergy-devices.co.jp/en/keyword/ |archivedate=2016-03-04 |df= }}</ref>
  +
* 1986: The first [[digital single-lens reflex camera]], the [[Nikon SVC]], revealed by [[Nikon]].<ref name="Jarleton">[http://apphotnum.free.fr/N2BE2.html Nikon SLR-type digital cameras], Pierre Jarleton</ref>
  +
* 1986: The first [[PC virus]] ([[Brain (computer virus)|Brain]]) is created by Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://antivirus.about.com/od/securitytips/a/bootsectorvirus.htm |title=Boot sector virus repair |publisher=Antivirus.about.com |date=2010-06-10 |accessdate=2010-08-27 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112024842/http://antivirus.about.com/od/securitytips/a/bootsectorvirus.htm |archivedate=2011-01-12 |df= }}</ref>
 
* 1986: [[Digital single-lens reflex camera]]: [[Nikon]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1986: [[Digital single-lens reflex camera]]: [[Nikon]] in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1986: [[wikipedia:PC virus|PC virus]]: [[wikipedia:Brain (computer virus)|Brain]] [[wikipedia:boot sector|boot sector]] virus by Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi in [[Pakistan]]
 
* 1987: [[Continuously variable transmission|Electronically-controlled continuously variable transmission]]: [[Subaru]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1987: [[Continuously variable transmission|Electronically-controlled continuously variable transmission]]: [[Subaru]] in [[Japan]]
 
* 1988: [[Digital camera]]: [[Fujifilm|Fuji]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1988: [[Digital camera]]: [[Fujifilm|Fuji]] in [[Japan]]
 
* 1988: [[Liquid crystal display television]]: [[Sharp Corporation]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1988: [[Liquid crystal display television]]: [[Sharp Corporation]] in [[Japan]]
  +
* [[Digital Audio Tape]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
  +
* [[PCM adaptor]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
  +
* [[Vowel-Consonant synthesis]]: [[Casio]] in [[Japan]]
 
* 1989: [[Continuously variable transmission|Continuously variable transmission car]]: [[Subaru]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1989: [[Continuously variable transmission|Continuously variable transmission car]]: [[Subaru]] in [[Japan]]
 
* 1989: [[Blue laser]]: [[Isamu Akasaki]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1989: [[Blue laser]]: [[Isamu Akasaki]] in [[Japan]]
Line 1,008: Line 1,238:
 
* 1989: [[p–n junction]]: [[Isamu Akasaki]]<ref name=doi10.1143/JJAP.28.L2112/> in [[Japan]]
  
* 1989: [[p–n junction]]: [[Isamu Akasaki]]<ref name=doi10.1143/JJAP.28.L2112/> in [[Japan]]
 
* 1989: [[Digital waveguide synthesis]]: [[Yamaha]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1989: [[Digital waveguide synthesis]]: [[Yamaha]] in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1989: The first color LCD [[video projector]], [[Epson]]'s VPJ-700, based on their [[3LCD]] technology, is released.<ref name="peres"/>
−
* [[Digital Audio Tape]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
  
  +
* 1989: The first color [[plasma display]], produced by [[Fujitsu]], is released.<ref>[http://pr.fujitsu.com/jp/news/1998/Aug/25-2e.html Fujitsu Develops Breakthrough Technology for High-Resolution PDPs Suited for High-Definition TVs], [[Fujitsu]], 25 August 1998</ref>
−
* [[PCM adaptor]]: [[Sony]] in [[Japan]]
  
−
* [[Vowel-Consonant synthesis]]: [[Casio]] in [[Japan]]
  
   
 
====1990s====
  
====1990s====
Line 1,019: Line 1,248:
 
* 1991: [[Memory card]]: [[Japan Electronic Industries Development Association]]
  
* 1991: [[Memory card]]: [[Japan Electronic Industries Development Association]]
 
* 1992: [[Plasma display|Plasma colour display]]: [[Fujitsu]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1992: [[Plasma display|Plasma colour display]]: [[Fujitsu]] in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1992: [[Blue laser]] by [[Shuji Nakamura]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.engr.ucsb.edu/faculty/profile/82 |title=Shuji Nakamura |accessdate=2008-07-31 |publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715103346/http://www1.engr.ucsb.edu/faculty/profile/82 |archivedate=2010-07-15 |df= }}</ref>
  +
* 1993: [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]], the first popular web browser is introduced
  +
* 1993: [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]], the first popular web browser is introduced
 
* 1993: [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS): [[United States Department of Defense]]
  
* 1993: [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS): [[United States Department of Defense]]
 
* 1993: [[Blue LED]]: [[Shuji Nakamura]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1993: [[Blue LED]]: [[Shuji Nakamura]] in [[Japan]]
 
* 1994: [[Physical modelling synthesis]]: [[Yamaha]] in [[Japan]]
  
* 1994: [[Physical modelling synthesis]]: [[Yamaha]] in [[Japan]]
 
* 1994: [[Wiki]]: [[Ward Cunningham]]<ref>{{harv|Ebersbach|2008|p=10}}</ref> in [[United States]]
  
* 1994: [[Wiki]]: [[Ward Cunningham]]<ref>{{harv|Ebersbach|2008|p=10}}</ref> in [[United States]]
  +
* 1994: [[QR code]] by [[Denso#Denso Wave|Denso Wave]]<ref name=QRCodefeatures>{{cite web |url=http://www.qrcode.com/en/qrfeature.html |title=QR Code features |publisher=Denso-Wave |accessdate=3 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129064920/http://www.qrcode.com/en/qrfeature.html |archivedate=2013-01-29}}</ref>
  +
* 1994: [[Stanford Federal Credit Union]] becomes the first [[financial institution]] to offer online internet banking services to all of its members in October 1994.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Stanford Federal Credit Union Pioneers Online Financial Services.|date=1995-06-21 |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Stanford+Federal+Credit+Union+Pioneers+Online+Financial+Services.-a017104850}}</ref>
  +
* 1994: [[Stanford Federal Credit Union]] becomes the first [[financial institution]] to offer online internet banking services to all of its members in October 1994.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Stanford Federal Credit Union Pioneers Online Financial Services.|date=1995-06-21 |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Stanford+Federal+Credit+Union+Pioneers+Online+Financial+Services.-a017104850}}</ref>
  +
* 1995: [[DVD]] is an [[optical disc]] [[data storage device|storage]] format, invented and developed by [[Panasonic]], [[Philips]], [[Sony]] and [[Toshiba]] in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than [[Compact Disc]]s while having the same dimensions.
  +
* 1995: [[DVD]] is an [[optical disc]] [[data storage device|storage]] format, invented and developed by [[Philips]], [[Sony]], [[Toshiba]], and [[Panasonic]] in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than [[Compact Disc]]s while having the same dimensions.
  +
* 1995: The first web-based commercial [[online auction]] ([[eBay]]) is founded by [[Pierre Omidyar]].<ref name="cohen">{{cite book | title=The Perfect Store | first=Adam | last=Cohen | year=2003 | isbn=0-316-16493-3 | publisher=Back Bay Books | location=Boston}}</ref>
 
* 1995: [[DVD]]: An [[optical disc]] [[data storage device|storage]] format, invented and developed by Japanese companies [[Sony]], [[Toshiba]] and [[Panasonic]] in 1995. DVD's offer higher storage capacity than [[Compact Disc]]s while having the same dimensions.
  
* 1995: [[DVD]]: An [[optical disc]] [[data storage device|storage]] format, invented and developed by Japanese companies [[Sony]], [[Toshiba]] and [[Panasonic]] in 1995. DVD's offer higher storage capacity than [[Compact Disc]]s while having the same dimensions.
 
* 1995: Web-based [[online auction]]: [[wikipedia:Pierre Omidyar|Pierre Omidyar]] ([[eBay]]) in [[United States]]
  
* 1995: Web-based [[online auction]]: [[wikipedia:Pierre Omidyar|Pierre Omidyar]] ([[eBay]]) in [[United States]]
Line 1,034: Line 1,272:
 
* [[Analog modeling synthesizer]]: [[Korg]] in [[Japan]]
  
* [[Analog modeling synthesizer]]: [[Korg]] in [[Japan]]
 
* [[Indium gallium nitride]]: [[Shuji Nakamura]] in [[Japan]]
  
* [[Indium gallium nitride]]: [[Shuji Nakamura]] in [[Japan]]
  +
* 1999: [[Camera phone]] (VP-210) by [[Kyocera]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Kyocera Develops World's First Camera Phone|url=https://internet.watch.impress.co.jp/www/article/1999/0517/vp210.htm|date=17 May 1999|language=ja}}</ref>
   
 
==3rd millennium==
  
==3rd millennium==
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==== 2010s====
  
==== 2010s====
 
* 2010: [[wikipedia:Infrared|Infrared]] laser cane [[wikipedia:walking stick|walking stick]]: [[Asil Abu Lil]] in [[Palestine]]  [http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/palestinian-girls-invent-laser-cane-1.897696]
  
* 2010: [[wikipedia:Infrared|Infrared]] laser cane [[wikipedia:walking stick|walking stick]]: [[Asil Abu Lil]] in [[Palestine]]  [http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/palestinian-girls-invent-laser-cane-1.897696]
  +
* 2010: [[wikipedia:Tablet computer|Tablet]] [[wikipedia:Smartphone|phone]]: [[wikipedia:Samsung Galaxy Tab series|Samsung Galaxy Tab]] by Omar Khan at [[wikipedia:Samsung|Samsung]] [http://phandroid.com/2011/07/11/omar-khan-the-godfather-of-galaxy-resigns-as-samsungs-cpocto/]
 
* 2012: [[wikipedia:Biofuel|Plastic biofuel]]: [[Azza Abdel Hamid Faiad]] in [[Egypt]] [http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/energy/blogs/16-year-old-discovers-catalyst-to-turn-egypts-plastic-waste-into-biofuel]
  
* 2012: [[wikipedia:Biofuel|Plastic biofuel]]: [[Azza Abdel Hamid Faiad]] in [[Egypt]] [http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/energy/blogs/16-year-old-discovers-catalyst-to-turn-egypts-plastic-waste-into-biofuel]
 
* 2012: [[wikipedia:Quantum mechanics|Quantum]] [[wikipedia:spacecraft propulsion|spacecraft propulsion]]: [[Aisha Mustafa]] in [[Egypt]] [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2148877/The-latest-entrant-space-race--Egypt-19-year-old-student-invents-futuristic-warp-drive-satellites.html]
  
* 2012: [[wikipedia:Quantum mechanics|Quantum]] [[wikipedia:spacecraft propulsion|spacecraft propulsion]]: [[Aisha Mustafa]] in [[Egypt]] [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2148877/The-latest-entrant-space-race--Egypt-19-year-old-student-invents-futuristic-warp-drive-satellites.html]
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*KryssTal [http://www.krysstal.com/inventions.html History and Geography of Inventions]
  
*KryssTal [http://www.krysstal.com/inventions.html History and Geography of Inventions]
 
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[[Category:Technology timelines]]
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[[Category:Research & Technology]]
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[[Category:Lists of inventions or discoveries]]
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[[Category:TopLevel]]

Revision as of 10:44, 28 March 2020

The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions.

Note: Dates for inventions are often controversial. Inventions are often invented by several inventors around the same time, or may be invented in an impractical form many years before another inventor improves the invention into a more practical form. Where there is ambiguity, the date of the first known working version of the invention is used here.

Paleolithic era

See also: Paleolithic

Note: BP means "Before Present".

  • Indeterminate: Music, Language
  • 2.4 Million BP: Struck stone tools in East Africa
  • 2.4 Million BP: Olduwan (struck stone tools) in East Africa
  • 1.8 Million BP: Controlled fire[1] in East Africa
  • 1.8 Million BP: Cooking[2] in East Africa
  • 1.65 Million BP: Acheulean (struck and reworked stone tools) in Kenya
  • 1.4 Million BP: Knife in Ethiopia, East Africa
  • 1 Million BP: Sterilization of food & water in East Africa
  • 500,000 BP: Shelter construction[3]
  • 500,000-100,000 BP: Clothing
  • 400,000 BP: Pigment in Zambia,[4] Southern Africa
  • 160,000-140,000 BP: Burial[5] in Africa
  • 140,000 BP: Bone tools in Blombos Cave, South Africa
  • 140,000 BP: Shellfishing in Blombos Cave, South Africa
  • 115,000 to 11,000 BP: Calendar by hunter-gatherers during last glacial period[6]
  • 110,000 BP: Beads in Palestine[7]
  • 100,000: Jewellery (bead) in Northern Africa and Middle East[8]
  • 100,000 BP: Lithic blades in Africa and Middle East
  • 77,000 BP: Bedding in South Africa[9]
  • 64,000 BP: Arrowhead in South Africa[10]
  • 61,000 BP: Sewing needle in South Africa[10]
  • 60,000 BP: Boat around Indian Ocean
  • 60,000 BP: Ship in New Guinea, Southeast Asia
  • 60,000 BP: Bow[11]
  • 43,000 BP: Mining in Swaziland, Southern Africa
  • 37,000 BP: Tally stick in Swaziland,[12] Southern Africa
  • 36,000 BP: Cloth woven from flax fiber, in Georgia,[13][14] Western Asia
  • 28,000 BP: Twisted rope[15]
  • 25,000 BP: Atlatl in Northwest Africa [16]
  • 16,000 BP: Pottery in China[17]
  • 15,000 BP: Boomerang in Australia[18]

10th millennium BCE

  • c. 10,000 BCE: Basket weaving
  • c. 9500 BCE: Granary in the Jordan Valley
  • Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent, Near East (Neolithic Revolution)
  • Farming in the Fertile Crescent, Near East
  • Farm  in the Fertile Crescent, Near East
  • Alcoholic beverage in the Fertile Crescent, Near East
  • Adobe in the ancient Near East
  • Domestrication in Southwest Asia

9th millennium BCE

8th millennium BCE

  • Animal husbandry in the ancient Near East

7th millennium BCE

  • c. 7000 BCE: Dental drill in Mehrgarh, Pakistan[19]
  • c. 7000 BCE: Drill in Mehrgarh, Pakistan
  • c. 6200 BCE: Map in Çatalhöyük, Asia Minor
  • Cloth woven from flax fiber

6th millennium BCE

5th millennium BCE

History of technology
By technological eras
  • Neolithic Agricultural Revolution
  • Ancient Technology
  • Islamic Agricultural Revolution
  • Medieval Technology
  • British Agricultural Revolution
  • Market Revolution
  • First Industrial Revolution
  • Industrial Age
  • Second Industrial Revolution
  • Green Revolution
  • Atomic Age
  • Jet Age
  • Space Age
  • Digital Revolution
  • Information Age
By historical regions
By type of technology
  • History of biotechnology
  • History of communication
  • History of computer hardware
  • History of electrical engineering
  • History of materials science
  • History of measurement
  • History of medicine
  • History of nuclear technology
  • History of transport
Technology timelines
Outlines
  • Outline of technology
  • Outline of prehistoric technology

4th millennium BCE

3rd millennium BCE

  • 2800 BCE: Soap in Mesopotamia
  • 2800 BCE: Button in the Indus Valley Civilization (India/Pakistan)
  • 2800 BCE: Bathroom in the Indus Valley Civilization[40]
  • 2800 BCE: Toilet in Mohenjo-daro, Indus Valley Civilization[40]
  • 2700 BCE: Plumbing in the Indus Valley Civilization[40]
  • 2700 BCE: Sanitary sewer in the Indus Valley Civilization[40]
  • 2700 BCE: Sewage collection and disposal in the Indus Valley Civilization[40]
  • 2700–2300 BCE: Abacus in Sumer, Mesopotamia[41]
  • 2630-2611 BCE: Step pyramid: Imhotep in Egypt
  • 2600s BCE: Papyrus: Imhotep in Egypt
  • 2600s BCE: Suture: Imhotep in Egypt
  • 2600s BCE: Pharmaceutical cream: Imhotep in Egypt
  • 2600 BCE: Bangle in Mohenjo-daro, Indus Valley Civilization[42]
  • 2600 BCE: Chariot in Mesopotamia
  • 2600 BCE: Urban planning in the Indus Valley Civilization[43][44]
  • 2500s BCE: Flush toilet in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, Indus Valley Civilization[45]
  • 2500s BCE: Stepwell in Mohenjo-daro, Indus Valley Civilization[46]
  • 2500 BCE: Arch in Mohenjo-daro, Indus Valley Civilization[47]
  • 2500 BCE: Animal-drawn plough in the Indus Valley Civilization[48]
  • 2500 BCE: Puppet in the Indus Valley Civilization[49]
  • 2500-1900 BCE: Furnace in Balakot, Indus Valley Civilization[50]
  • 2500-900 BCE: Oven in Balakot, Indus Valley Civilization[50]
  • 2400 BCE: Shipyard in Lothal, Indus Valley Civilization
  • 2400 BCE: Dock in Lothal, Indus Valley Civilization[51]
  • 2400 BCE: Ruler in Lothal, Indus Valley Civilization[52]
  • 2332-2283 BCE: Galley: Pepi I in Egypt
  • 2000 BCE: Cockfighting in the Indus Valley Civilization[53]
  • 2000 BCE: Currency
  • Dice in the Indus Valley Civilization[54]
  • Dye in Mohenjo-daro, Indus Valley Civilization[55]
  • Public bath in Mohenjo-daro, Indus Valley Civilization[56]
  • Swimming pool in Mohenjo-daro, Indus Valley Civilization[57]
  • Aqueduct in ancient Egypt and Indus Valley Civilization
  • Candles in Egypt
  • Dagger in Near East
  • Sickle-sword in Sumer
  • Alphabet in Phoenicia
  • Ink in China
  • Sewage system with flush toilets in the Indus Valley Civilization cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro (modern Pakistan)[58]
  • Sledge in Egypt
  • Ski in Scandinavia[18]

2nd millennium BCE

1st millennium BCE

8th century BCE

7th century BCE

6th century BCE

5th century BCE

  • Crossbow in Ancient China: In Ancient China, the earliest evidence of bronze crossbow bolts dates as early as the mid-5th century BC in Yutaishan, Hubei.[95]
  • 500-100 BCE: Big-toe stirrup in India[96][97]
  • 403-221 BCE: Cupola furnace in China[98]
  • 403-221 BCE: Foundry in China[98]

5th century BCE

4th century BCE

3rd century BCE

2nd century BCE

1st century BCE

  • 100 BCE: Trip hammer in China
  • 52 BCE: Armillary sphere: Geng Shouchang in China
  • 21 BCE: Collapsable umbrella: Wang Mang[126]

1st millennium CE

1st century

2nd century

  • 105: Paper: Cai Lun in China[134]
  • 132: Rudimentary Seismometer: Zhang Heng in China
  • 180: Rotary fan: Ding Huan in China
  • 180: Winnowing fan: Ding Huan in China
  • Steam power in Egypt
  • Vending machine in Egypt
  • Force pump in Egypt
  • Carding in India[135]


3rd century

4th century

5th century

6th century

7th century

8th century

9th century

  • 800-850: Quadrant: Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi)[184]
  • 800-850: Mural instrument: Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī[184]
  • 800-850: Sine quadrant: Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī[184]
  • 800-850: Horary quadrant: Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī[184]
  • 800-850: Alhidade: Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī[185]
  • 800-857: Under-arm deodorant: Ziryab[186]
  • 800-857: Beauty parlour: Ziryab[187]
  • 800-857: Bangs: Ziryab[187]
  • 800-857: Chemical depilatory: Ziryab[187]
  • 800-873: Valve: Banū Mūsā in Iraq[188]
  • 800-873: Float valve: Banū Mūsā[188]
  • 800-873: Feedback controller: Banū Mūsā[188]
  • 800-873: Float chamber: Banū Mūsā[189]
  • 800-873: Automatic control: Banū Mūsā[189]
  • 800-873: Automatic flute player: Banū Mūsā[190]
  • 800-873: Programmable machine: Banū Mūsā[190]
  • 800-873: Trick drinking vessels: Banū Mūsā[191]
  • 800-873: Gas mask: Banū Mūsā[191]
  • 800-873: Grab: Banū Mūsā[191]
  • 800-873: Clamshell grab: Banū Mūsā[191]
  • 800-873: Fail-safe system: Banū Mūsā[191]
  • 800-873: Mechanical musical instrument: Banū Mūsā[192]
  • 800-873: Hydropowered organ: Banū Mūsā[192]
  • 800-873: Hurricane lamp: Banū Mūsā[191]
  • 800-873: Self-feeding oil lamp: Banū Mūsā[191]
  • 800-873: Self-trimming oil lamp: Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir[191]
  • 801-873: Pure alcohol: Al-Kindi (Alkindus)[193]
  • 810-887: Glass from stones: Abbas Ibn Firnas in al-Andalus[194]
  • 810-887: convex lens
  • 810-887: Clear colourless high-purity glass: Abbas Ibn Firnas[194][195]
  • 810-887: Metronome: Abbas Ibn Firnas[196]
  • 810-887: Artificial weather simulation: Abbas Ibn Firnas[196]
  • 813-833: Medical school: Al-Ma'mun[153]
  • 827: Mechanical singing bird automaton: Al-Ma'mun[197]
  • 852: Parachute: Abbas Ibn Firnas in al-Andalus[165]
  • 859: University: Fatima al-Fihri[198][199]
  • 875: Hang glider: Abbas Ibn Firnas[196][200]
  • 875: Artificial wing: Abbas Ibn Firnas[196][200]
  • 875: Flight control frame: Abbas Ibn Firnas[196][200]
  • c. 865-900: Kerosene: Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) in Iraq[152][201]
  • Muslin in Dhaka, Bengal[202][203]
  • Stonepaste ceramics in Iraq[204]
  • Black powder in China
  • Gunpowder in China
  • Water turbine in the Arab Empire[191]
  • Universal sundial in Baghdad[205]
  • Universal horary dial in Baghdad[206][207]
  • Vertical-axle windmill in Afghanistan[208]
  • Naphtha in Azerbaijan[152]
  • Oil well in Azerbaijan[152]
  • College: Madrasah in the Muslim world[209]
  • c. 800-1000: Switch: Arabic engineers[210]
  • 800-1000: Wind powered gristmills in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran[211]
  • 800-1000: Sugar refinery in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran[211]
  • 800-1000: Metal block printing in Egypt[212]
  • 800-1000: Almucantar quadrant: Arabic astronomers[213]
  • 800-1000: Navigational astrolabe: Arabic astronomers[214]
  • 800-1000: Vertical sundial: Arabic astronomers[215]
  • 800-1000: Polar sundial: Arabic astronomers[215]
  • 800-1000: Coffee: Khalid in Ethiopia
  • 800-1000: Shaving soap: Arabic chemists
  • 800-1000: Plumb line: Arabic engineers[216]
  • 800-1000: Reed level: Arabic engineers[216]
  • 800-1000: Triangulation: Arabic engineers[216]
  • 800-1000: Geared gristmill: Arabic engineers[217]
  • 800-1000: Shatranj in Persia
  • 800-1000: Paned window in the Arab Empire[218]
  • 800-1000: Street lamp in the Arab Empire[218]
  • 800-1000: Sherbet in the Arab Empire[219]
  • 800-1000: Soft drink in the Arab Empire[219][220]
  • 800-1000: Syrup in the Arab Empire[219]
  • 800-1000: Mercury escapement mechanism in the Middle East
  • 800-1000: Bridge dam in Iran[221]
  • 800-1000: Milling dam in Iran[221][222]
  • 800-1000: Diversion dam in Iraq[221]
  • 800-1000: Public library in the Arab Empire[223]
  • 800-1000: Lending library in the Arab Empire[223]
  • 800-1000: Library catalog in the Arab Empire[224]
  • 800-1000: Firecracker in China
  • 800-1000: Snakes and ladders in India
  • 801-1000: Municipal solid waste handling: Al-Kindi, Qusta ibn Luqa, Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi, Ibn Al-Jazzar, al-Masihi[225]
  • 836-1000: Erectile dysfunction treatment: Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi, Thabit bin Qurra (Thebit), Ibn Al-Jazzar[226]
  • 853-929: Observation tube: Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)[227]
  • 865-925: Hard soap: Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi[228]
  • 865-925: Chemotherapy: Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi[229]
  • 865-925: Antiseptic: Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi[152]
  • 820: Algebra by Al-Khwarizmi[230]
  • 801–873: Alcohol distillation by Al-Kindi[231][232][233]
  • 801–873: Fragrance extraction (rose oil) by Al-Kindi[234]
  • 9th century: Anasthetic compound by Islamic physicians[235]
  • 9th century: Gunpowder in Tang Dynasty China; gunpowder is, according to prevailing academic consensus, discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality.[236] Evidence of gunpowder's first use in China comes from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (618–907).[237] The earliest known recorded recipes for gunpowder are written by Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide in the Wujing Zongyao, a military manuscript compiled in 1044 during the Song Dynasty (960–1279).[238][239][240]
  • 9th century: Muslin fabric in Bengal[203]
  • 9th century: Numerical zero in the Indian subcontinent; the concept of zero as a number, and not merely a symbol for separation is attributed to India.[241] In India, practical calculations are carried out using zero, which is treated like any other number by the 9th century, even in case of division.[241][242]
  • 9th century: Sugar mill in Islamic world[243]
  • 9th century: Syringe by Ammar al-Mawsili[244][245]
  • 9th century: Windpump in Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan[246]
  • 850: Conical valve by Banu Musa brothers[247]
  • 850: Gas mask by Banu Musa brothers[248][249]
  • 850: Grab by Banu Musa brothers[250]
  • 850: Automatic flute player, the first music sequencer and the earliest programmable automated music technology, by Banu Musa brothers[251][252]
  • 852: Parachute by Armen Firman[253]
  • 809–887: Glider by Abbas ibn Firnas[254][255][256]
  • 859: University (Al-Karaouine) by Fatima al-Fihri in Morocco[230]
  • 854–925: Antiseptic alcohol by Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi[245]
  • 854–925: Bar soap by Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi[257]
  • 854–925: Petroleum distillation (kerosene) by Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi[258][259]
  • 854–925: Kerosene lamp (naphtha lamp) by Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi[260][261]
  • 854–925: Sulfuric acid by Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi[262][263]

10th century

  • 903-986: Timekeeping astrolabe: Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi)[264]
  • 904: Fire Arrow in China
  • 919: Double-piston flamethrower in China
  • 984: Pound lock: Qiao Weiyo
  • 953: Fountain pen: Al-Muizz Lideenillah of Egypt[165][265][266]
  • 960-1000: Restaurant in the Arab Empire[267]
  • 994: Astronomical sextant: Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi in Persia[268]
  • 996: Geared mechanical astrolabe: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[269]
  • Banknote in China
  • Fire lance in China
  • Gun in China
  • Milling factory in Baghdad[270]
  • Cartographic grid in Baghdad[271]
  • Graph paper in the Arab Empire[272][273][274]
  • Horizontal-axle windmill in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran[208]
  • 10th century: Arabic numerals (Western Arabic numeral symbols) in Islamic North Africa[275]
  • 10th century: Decimal fractions by Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi[276][277]
  • 931–974: Fountain pen in Fatimid Caliphate during reign of Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah[278]
  • 994: Mural sextant constructed in Ray, Iran, by Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi.[279]
  • 1000: Dental extraction and replantation by Al-Zahrawi[280][281]
  • 1000: Migraine surgery by Al-Zahrawi[282]
  • 1000: Surgical needle by Al-Zahrawi[245]

2nd millennium

11th century

12th century

13th century

14th century

15th century

  • 1400-1429: Plate of conjunctions: Jamshīd al-Kāshī[400][401]
  • 1400-1429: Planetary analog computer: Jamshīd al-Kāshī[401][402][403]
  • 1405-1433: Troopship: Zheng He
  • 1405-1433: Treasure ship: Zheng He
  • 1441: Rain gauge: Jang Yeong-sil
  • 1450s: Alphabetic movable type printing press: Johannes Gutenberg
  • 1451: Concave lens for eyeglasses: Nicholas of Cusa
  • 1490-1492: Terrestrial globe: Martin Behaim
  • 1494: Double-entry bookkeeping system: Luca Pacioli
  • 1498: Bristle toothbrush: Hongzhi Emperor
  • Iron-chain suspension bridge in China
  • Early 15th century: Matchlock arquebus in Ottoman Empire[404]
  • Mid-15th century: Coffee in Sufi monasteries of Yemen, Southern Arabia.[405][406]
  • 1465: Musket in Ottoman Empire[407]

16th century

17th century

  • 1609: Telescope: Hans Lippershey, Zacharias Janssen, Jacob Metius[437]
  • 1610: Flintlock: Marin le Bourgeoys
  • 1620: Slide rule: William Oughtred
  • 1623: Automatic calculator: Wilhelm Schickard
  • 1631: Vernier scale: Pierre Vernier
  • 1642: Adding machine: Blaise Pascal
  • 1643: Barometer: Evangelista Torricelli
  • 1645: Vacuum pump: Otto von Guericke
  • 1657: Pendulum clock: Christiaan Huygens
  • 1672: Steam car: Ferdinand Verbiest[438][439]
  • 1679: Pressure cooker: Denis Papin
  • 1690: Polhem wheel: Christopher Polhem
  • 1698: Steam engine powered water pump: Thomas Savery
  • 1700: Piano: Bartolomeo Cristofori
  • Palampore in India[440][441]
  • 1621: Rack-and-pinion mechanism in Turkish muskets of the Ottoman Empire[442]
  • 1633: Rocket flight by Lagâri Hasan Çelebi[443][444]
  • 17th century: Banjo in West Africa[445]
  • 17th century: Flush deck in Bengal Subah, Mughal Empire (modern Bangladesh)[446]
  • 17th century: Roller mill in Mughal India[398]

18th century

  • 1709: Iron smelting using coke: Abraham Darby I
  • 1712: Steam piston engine: Thomas Newcomen
  • 1714: Mercury thermometer: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
  • 1737: Marine chronometer (H1): John Harrison
  • 1742: Franklin stove: Benjamin Franklin
  • 1750: Flatboat: Jacob Yoder
  • 1752: Lightning rod: Benjamin Franklin
  • 1759: Shampoo: Sake Dean Mahomet of Bengal
  • 1764: Spinning jenny: James Hargreaves/Thomas Highs
  • 1767: Carbonated water: Joseph Priestley
  • 1769: Water frame: Richard Arkwright/Thomas Highs
  • 1775: Submarine Turtle: David Bushnell
  • 1776: Steamboat: Claude de Jouffroy
  • 1776: Watt steam engine: James Watt
  • 1777: Card teeth making machine: Oliver Evans
  • 1777: Circular saw: Samuel Miller
  • 1779: Spinning mule: Samuel Crompton
  • 1780: The Mysorean rockets, the first iron-cased rockets and the first missiles, are deployed by the Mysore Sultanate's Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan against the British at the Battle of Pollilur in South India. They later inspired the Congreve rockets.[447]
  • 1780s: Iron-cased rocket: Tipu Sultan in India[448]
  • 1780s: Metal-cylinder rocket artillery: Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan in India[449]
  • 1780s: Iron rocket artillery: Tipu Sultan of India[448]
  • 1783: Hot air balloon: Montgolfier brothers
  • 1784: Bifocals: Benjamin Franklin
  • 1784: Oil lamp: Aimé Argand[18]
  • 1784: Shrapnel shell: Henry Shrapnel
  • 1785: Power loom: Edmund Cartwright
  • 1785: Automatic flour mill: Oliver Evans
  • 1786: Threshing machine: Andrew Meikle
  • 1791: Artificial teeth: Nicholas Dubois De Chemant
  • 1795: Appertization: Nicolas Appert
  • 1798: Vaccination: Edward Jenner
  • 1798: Lithography: Alois Senefelder
  • Indian clubs in India[450]

19th century

1800s

  • 1804: Locomotive: Richard Trevithick
  • 1809: Arc lamp: Humphry Davy

1810s

  • 1817: Kaleidoscope: David Brewster
  • 1818: Bicycle: Karl Drais[18]

1820s

  • 1821: Electric motor: Michael Faraday
  • 1826: Photography: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
  • 1826: Internal combustion engine: Samuel Morey
  • 1827: Friction match: John Walker
  • 1829: Steam locomotive: George Stephenson[18]

1830s

  • 1830: Thermostat: Andrew Ure[18]
  • 1831: Electrical generator: Michael Faraday, Ányos Jedlik
  • 1837: Standard diving dress: Augustus Siebe[451]
  • 1838: closed diving suit with a helmet: Augustus Siebe[451]

1840s

1850s

1860s

  • 1860: Light Bulb: Sir Joseph Swan
  • 1862: Mechanical submarine: Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol
  • 1866: Dynamite: Alfred Nobel

1870s

  • 1870: Chewing gum: Thomas Adams[18]
  • 1870: Stock ticker: Thomas Alva Edison
  • 1873: Jeans: Levi Strauss[18]
  • 1874: Barbed wire: Joseph Glidden[18]
  • 1874: DDT: Othmar Zeidler[18]
  • 1877: Induction motor: Nikola Tesla
  • 1877: Phonograph: Thomas Alva Edison
  • 1878: Rebreather: Henry Fleuss[457]

1880s

  • 1883: Two-phase (alternating current) induction motor: Nikola Tesla
  • 1885: Machine gun: Hiram Stevens Maxim[458]
  • 1888: Polyphase AC Electric power system: Nikola Tesla (30 related patents.)
  • Takadiastase: Jokichi Takamine in Japan

1890s

  • 1891: Escalator: Jesse W. Reno[18]
  • 1891: Landing gear: Chūhachi Ninomiya in Japan
  • 1891: Pusher propeller: Chūhachi Ninomiya in Japan
  • 1891: Stabilizer: Chūhachi Ninomiya in Japan
  • 1891: Tesla coil: Nikola Tesla
  • 1893: Biplane: Chūhachi Ninomiya[459] in Japan
  • 1893: Tailless aircraft: Chūhachi Ninomiya[459] in Japan
  • 1893: Tuned wireless communication: Nikola Tesla (The True Wireless)
  • 1893: Radio: Nikola Tesla [460]
  • 1894: Radio transmission: Jagdish Chandra Bose in Bengal[461]
  • 1894: Radiotelegraph: Jagdish Chandra Bose in Bengal
  • 1894: Methamphetamine: Nagayoshi Nagai[462] in Japan
  • 1896: Long-distance wireless transmission: Jagdish Chandra Bose in Bengal
  • 1898: Remote control: Nikola Tesla
  • 1898: Ignition coil: Nikola Tesla
  • 1899: Iron-mercury coherer: Jagdish Chandra Bose in Bengal

20th century

1900s

  • 1900: Epinephrine (adrenaline): Jokichi Takamine & Keizo Uenaka in Japan
  • 1900: Self-heating can
  • 1901: Mercury vapor lamp: Peter C. Hewitt
  • 1902: Air Conditioner: Willis Carrier [18]
  • 1903: Powered, controlled airplane: Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright (Wright brothers)
  • 1907: Monosodium glutamate: Kikunae Ikeda[463] in Japan
  • 1908: Cellophane: Jacques E. Brandenberger
  • 1908: Haber process: Fritz Haber
  • 1908: Umami: Kikunae Ikeda[464] in Japan
  • Microwave optics: Jagdish Chandra Bose in Bengal
  • Crescograph: Jagdish Chandra Bose in Bengal[465]

1910s

  • 1910: Aberic acid: Umetaro Suzuki in Japan
  • 1910: Thiamine (Vitamin B1): Umetaro Suzuki[466] in Japan
  • 1910: Vitamin (B vitamin): Umetaro Suzuki in Japan
  • 1913: Bra: Mary Phelps Jacob
  • 1914: Tank, military: Sir William Ashbee Tritton and Major Walter Gordon Wilson[467]
  • 1916: Cultured pearl: Mikimoto Kōkichi in Japan
  • 1919: Theremin: Leon Theremin

1920s

  • 1920: Saha ionization equation: Meghnad Saha[468] in Bengal
  • 1923: Autogyro: Juan de la Cierva
  • 1924: Automatic power loom: Sakichi Toyoda[469] in Japan
  • 1924: Autonomation: Sakichi Toyoda[469] in Japan
  • 1924: Autonomous automation: Sakichi Toyoda[469] in Japan
  • 1925: Ultra-centrifuge: Theodor Svedberg - used to determine molecular weights
  • 1926: Yagi antenna: Hidetsugu Yagi & Shintaro Uda in Japan
  • 1926: Directional antenna: Hidetsugu Yagi & Shintaro Uda in Japan
  • 1926: High-gain antenna: Hidetsugu Yagi & Shintaro Uda in Japan
  • 1926: Kenjiro Takayanagi invents the first electronic television.[470]
  • 1927: Mechanical cotton picker: John Rust
  • 1928: Sliced bread: Otto Frederick Rohwedder
  • 1928: Antibiotics: Alexander Fleming (Penicillin)
  • 1928: Raman effect: Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman[471] in India
  • 1928: Magnetic interference balance: Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar & K. N. Mathur[472] in India
  • 1928: KS steel by Kotaro Honda[473]
  • Phototelegraphic transmission: Yasujiro Niwa in Japan
  • Mechanical television: Yasujiro Niwa in Japan

1930s

  • 1931: Magnetic-resistant steel: Kotaro Honda in Japan
  • 1931: Magnetic steel: Kotaro Honda in Japan
  • 1931: Alnico: Tokuhichi Mishima in Japan
  • 1931: MKM steel: Tokuhichi Mishima in Japan[474][475]
  • 1934: Switching circuit theory is introduced by Akira Nakashima,[476][477][478][479] laying the foundations for digital circuit design, in digital computers and other areas of modern technology.[479]
  • 1937: Nylon: Wallace H. Carothers[18]
  • 1937: Portable electrocardiograph: Taro Takemi in Japan
  • 1938: Ballpoint pen: Laszlo Biro
  • 1939: Helicopter: Igor Sikorsky
  • 1939: Automated teller machine (ATM): Luther George Simjian
  • 1939: Vectorcardiography: Taro Takemi in Japan
  • Nuclear medicine: Taro Takemi, Irene Joliot-Curie, Frederic Joliot-Curie

1940s

  • 1941: Velcro: George de Mestral
  • 1942: The earliest electroacoustic tape music recording by Halim El-Dabh in Cairo, Egypt.[480]
  • 1942: Nuclear reactor: Enrico Fermi[18] and Robert Oppenheimer
  • 1942: Undersea oil pipeline: Hartley, Anglo-Iranian, Siemens in Operation Pluto
  • 1944: Fire balloon in Japan
  • 1945: Nuclear weapon: Manhattan Project
  • 1946: Bikini: Louis Réard[18]
  • 1947: Transistor: William Shockley, Walter Brattain, John Bardeen
  • 1947: Polaroid camera: Edwin Land
  • 1948: Long Playing Record: Peter Carl Goldmark
  • 1948: Holography: Dennis Gabor[18]
  • 1949: Atomic clocks
  • 1949: Kei car in Japan
  • Electric rice cooker: Mitsubishi Electric in Japan

1950s

  • 1950: Steadicam tracking shot: Akira Kurosawa in Japan
  • 1950: The PIN photodiode is invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa.[481]
  • 1950: The static induction transistor, a type of JFET, is invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa and Y. Watanabe.[482]
  • 1951: Combined oral contraceptive pill: Djerassi, Miramontes and Rosenkranz [483] in United States
  • 1951: Liquid Paper: Bette Nesmith Graham in United States
  • 1952: Floppy disk: Yoshiro Nakamatsu[484] in Japan
  • 1952: Optical fiber: Narinder Singh Kapany[485][486] in India and United Kingdom
  • 1952: The avalanche photodiode is invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa.[487]
  • 1952: Fusion bomb: Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam in United States
  • 1953: Medical ultrasonography
  • 1953: The optical fiber is invented by Narinder Singh Kapany and Harold Hopkins.[488][489][490]
  • 1955: Video phone: Gregorio Y. Zara in the Philippines
  • 1955: Bounce lighting: Subrata Mitra[491][492] in Bengal
  • 1956: Digital clock
  • 1957: Electric compact calculator: Casio in Japan
  • 1957: Satellite: Kerim Kerimov (Sputnik 1) in Turkestan
  • 1957: The first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, is built and launched by the Soviet Union. Its lead architects were Sergei Korolev and Kerim Kerimov.[493][494]
  • 1957: The semiconductor laser is invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa.[487][495]
  • 1958: Implantable pacemaker: Rune Elmqvist in Sweden
  • Dedicated high-speed rail lines in Japan
  • High-speed narrow gauge railway: Shinkansen in Japan
  • 1959: Bullet train: Kawasaki Heavy Industries in Japan
  • 1959: The gas laser is invented by Ali Javan.[496]

1960s

  • 1960: Laser: Theodore Harold Maiman in North America
  • 1960: Solid-state electronic calculator: Sony in Japan
  • 1961: Human spaceflight: Yuri Gagarin, Sergey Korolyov and Kerim Kerimov[493] in Turkestan
  • 1961: The first human spaceflight, Yuri Gagarin's 108-minute trip around the globe aboard the Vostok 1, is conducted by the Soviet Union's Sergei Korolev and Kerim Kerimov.[493][494]
  • 1963: Tube structure: Fazlur Rahman Khan in United States
  • 1963: Frame tube structure: Fazlur Rahman Khan in United States
  • 1963: The tube structural system is invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan.[497]
  • 1963: Fiber-optic communication is invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa.[498]
  • 1965: Trussed tube structure: Fazlur Rahman Khan in United States
  • 1965: Tactile paving invented by Seiichi Miyake.[499]
  • 1966: The first automated teller machine (ATM), the Computer Loan Machine developed in Japan, is released.[500][501]
  • Late 1960s: The first digital fax machine, the Dacom Rapidfax, is released.[502][503]
  • 1967: The first fully automated space docking, of Cosmos 186 and Cosmos 188, is conducted by the Soviet Union and led by Kerim Kerimov.[493][494]
  • 1967: The first PCM (pulse-code modulation) digital audio recorder is developed by NHK's research facilities.[504]
  • 1967: Space dock: Kerim Kerimov[493][494] in Turkestan
  • 1967: Automatic Teller Machine: John Shepherd-Barron in United Kingdom
  • 1967: Bullet Time: Tatsunoko Production in Japan
  • 1967: Hypertext: Project Xanadu in United States
  • 1967: Quartz wristwatch: Seiko[505] in Japan
  • 1968: The first phaser effects pedal, the Uni-Vibe, is invented by Fumio Mieda of Shin-ei.[506]
  • 1968: The aperture grille CRT display techology is introduced by Sony with their Trinitron television.[507]
  • 1968: The first text-to-speech synthesis system is developed by Noriko Umeda's team at the Electrotechnical Laboratory.[508]
  • Aperture grille: Sony in Japan
  • Packet switching: Paul Baran in United States
  • Shearing interferometer: M. V. R. K. Murty in India[509]
  • 1969: Video cassette: Sony in Japan
  • 1969: Direct-drive turntable (Technics SP-10) invented by Shuichi Obata of Matsushita.[510] based in Osaka.[511][512]

1970s

1980s

  • 1980: Compact Disc: Sony[18] in Japan
  • 1980: Flash memory: Fujio Masuoka[527][528] in Japan
  • 1980: The Roland TR-808, the first fully programmable drum machine, is introduced by Roland Corporation.[529]
  • 1980: The first laptop is invented by Suwa Seikosha employee Yukio Yokozawa in 1980,[530] and is released by Seiko as the HC-20 in 1981.[531]
  • 1980-1982: The first LCD televisions were developed by Hattori Seiko's R&D group from 1980.[532] In 1982, Seiko Epson released the first LCD television, the Epson TV Watch.[533][534]
  • 1980-1985: The lithium-iron battery was developed from the research of Rachid Yazami and John B. Goodenough in 1980, and further developed by Tokio Yamabe and Shizukuni Yata in 1981,[535] and found that it was very effective for the anode in the conventional liquid electrolyte.[536] [537] which led to Akira Yoshino of Asahi Chemical building the first lithium-ion battery in 1985.[538]
  • 1981: 3D printing is invented by Hideo Kodama of Nagoya Municipal Industrial Research Institute.[539][540]
  • 1981: Handheld electronic camera: Sony in Japan
  • 1981: Video Floppy: Sony in Japan
  • 1982: Compact Disc player: Sony[541] in Japan
  • 1982: CD-ROM: An acronym of "Compact Disc Read-only memory", it is a pre-pressed compact disc that contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback. The 1985 Yellow Book standard developed by Sony adapted the format to hold any form of binary data.[542]
  • 1982: Camcorder: Sony in Japan
  • 1982: D-pad: Gunpei Yokoi in Japan
  • 1982: Pocket television: Sony in Japan
  • 1982: Flat panel display: Sony in Japan
  • 1982: Parallax scrolling: Irem[543] in Japan
  • 1982: The first CD player (Sony CDP-101) is released by Sony.[544]
  • 1982: The neodymium magnet is invented independently by [General Motors]] (GM) and Sumitomo Special Metals.[545]
  • 1982: A CD-ROM contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback. It is first demonstrated by Denon in 1982.[546] The Yellow Book standard is later developed by Sony and Philips in 1985.[542]
  • 1983: Personal digital assistant: Casio in Japan
  • 1983: Internet and TCP/IP network: Robert E. Kahn in United States
  • 1984: Digital synthesizer: Yamaha in Japan
  • 1984: Portable CD player: Sony in Japan
  • 1984: Phase distortion synthesis: Casio in Japan
  • 1984: Thin-film transistor (TFT): Shunpei Yamazaki in Japan
  • 1985: Graphing calculator: Casio in Japan
  • 1985: Lithium-ion battery invented by Akira Yoshino.[547]
  • 1986: The first digital single-lens reflex camera, the Nikon SVC, revealed by Nikon.[548]
  • 1986: The first PC virus (Brain) is created by Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi.[549]
  • 1986: Digital single-lens reflex camera: Nikon in Japan
  • 1986: PC virus: Brain boot sector virus by Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi in Pakistan
  • 1987: Electronically-controlled continuously variable transmission: Subaru in Japan
  • 1988: Digital camera: Fuji in Japan
  • 1988: Liquid crystal display television: Sharp Corporation in Japan
  • Digital Audio Tape: Sony in Japan
  • PCM adaptor: Sony in Japan
  • Vowel-Consonant synthesis: Casio in Japan
  • 1989: Continuously variable transmission car: Subaru in Japan
  • 1989: Blue laser: Isamu Akasaki in Japan
  • 1989: Gallium nitride: Isamu Akasaki[550] in Japan
  • 1989: p–n junction: Isamu Akasaki[550] in Japan
  • 1989: Digital waveguide synthesis: Yamaha in Japan
  • 1989: The first color LCD video projector, Epson's VPJ-700, based on their 3LCD technology, is released.[534]
  • 1989: The first color plasma display, produced by Fujitsu, is released.[551]

1990s

  • 1990: Handheld colour television: Sony in Japan
  • 1990: Handheld liquid crystal display television: Sony in Japan
  • 1990: World Wide Web: Tim Berners-Lee[18][552] in United Kingdom
  • 1991: Lithium battery: Sony in Japan
  • 1991: Memory card: Japan Electronic Industries Development Association
  • 1992: Plasma colour display: Fujitsu in Japan
  • 1992: Blue laser by Shuji Nakamura[553]
  • 1993: Mosaic, the first popular web browser is introduced
  • 1993: Mosaic, the first popular web browser is introduced
  • 1993: Global Positioning System (GPS): United States Department of Defense
  • 1993: Blue LED: Shuji Nakamura in Japan
  • 1994: Physical modelling synthesis: Yamaha in Japan
  • 1994: Wiki: Ward Cunningham[554] in United States
  • 1994: QR code by Denso Wave[555]
  • 1994: Stanford Federal Credit Union becomes the first financial institution to offer online internet banking services to all of its members in October 1994.[556]
  • 1994: Stanford Federal Credit Union becomes the first financial institution to offer online internet banking services to all of its members in October 1994.[557]
  • 1995: DVD is an optical disc storage format, invented and developed by Panasonic, Philips, Sony and Toshiba in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than Compact Discs while having the same dimensions.
  • 1995: DVD is an optical disc storage format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than Compact Discs while having the same dimensions.
  • 1995: The first web-based commercial online auction (eBay) is founded by Pierre Omidyar.[558]
  • 1995: DVD: An optical disc storage format, invented and developed by Japanese companies Sony, Toshiba and Panasonic in 1995. DVD's offer higher storage capacity than Compact Discs while having the same dimensions.
  • 1995: Web-based online auction: Pierre Omidyar (eBay) in United States
  • 1995: Web browser based webmail: Hotmail (Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith) in United States
  • 1996: Analog stick: Nintendo in Japan
  • 1996: Force feedback: Nintendo in Japan
  • 1997: Non-mechanical digital audio player: SaeHan Information Systems[559] in South Korea
  • 1997: Plasma television: Pioneer Corporation in Japan
  • 1998: Arcade-quality GPU: VideoLogic (Hossein Yassaie) and NEC
  • 1998: Hidden surface removal: VideoLogic (Hossein Yassaie) and NEC
  • Analog modeling synthesizer: Korg in Japan
  • Indium gallium nitride: Shuji Nakamura in Japan
  • 1999: Camera phone (VP-210) by Kyocera[560]

3rd millennium

21st century

2000s

Further information: 2000s in science and technology and List of emerging technologies

2010s

Notes

  1. ↑ Harvard Gazette, Invention of cooking drove evolution of the human species
  2. ↑ Harvard Gazette, Invention of cooking drove evolution of the human species
  3. ↑ Hadfield, Peter, Gimme Shelter
  4. ↑ Earliest evidence of art found
  5. ↑ Evolving in their graves: early burials hold clues to human origins
  6. ↑ Bruton, Eric (1979). The History of Clocks and Watches. New York: Crescent Books. ISBN 0-517-37744-6. 
  7. ↑ Scott Elias (12 September 2012). Origins of Human Innovation and Creativity. Elsevier, 28. ISBN 978-0-444-53821-5. 
  8. ↑ News in Science - Shell beads suggest new roots for culture - 23/06/2006. Retrieved on 23 October 2017.
  9. ↑ Wadley L, Sievers C, Bamford M, Goldberg P, Berna F, Miller C. (2011). Middle Stone Age Bedding Construction and Settlement Patterns at Sibudu, South Africa. Science 9 December 2011: Vol. 334 no. 6061 pp. 1388-1391
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Backwell L, d'Errico F, Wadley L.(2008). Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35:1566-1580. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006
  11. ↑ Jennifer Viegas (31 March 2008). "Early Weapon Evidence Reveals Bloody Past". Discovery News. http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/03/31/earliest-weapon-human.html. 
  12. ↑ Pegg, Jr., Ed, Lebombo Bone
  13. ↑ (2009) "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man". Science 325 (5946). doi:10.1126/science.325_1329a. PMID 19745126.
  14. ↑ (2009) "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers". Science 325 (5946). doi:10.1126/science.1175404. PMID 19745144.
  15. ↑ Small, Meredith F. (April 2002). "String theory: the tradition of spinning raw fibers dates back 28,000 years. (At The Museum)". Natural History 111.3.
  16. ↑ Keddie, Grant, The Atlatl Weapon[dead link]
  17. ↑ "Chinese pottery may be earliest discovered." Associated Press. 2009-06-01
  18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 18.16 18.17 18.18 18.19 18.20 Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions, Encyclopædia Britannica
  19. ↑ Stone age man used dentist drill. BBC News.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 (15 April 2010) Dictionary of the Ancient Near East. University of Pennsylvania Press, 233. ISBN 978-0-8122-2115-2. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 D. T. Potts (2012). A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 285. 
  22. ↑ Loewe (1968), 170–171.
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  26. ↑ Kulke, Hermann & Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A History of India. Routledge. 22. ISBN 0415329205.
  27. ↑ Jane McIntosh (2008), The Ancient Indus Valley, p.333
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  29. ↑ Dashing Finns were first to get their skates on 5,000 years ago. The Times. Retrieved on 2007-12-24.
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  32. ↑ M J Brownstein (June 15, 1993). "A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 90 (12): 5391–5393. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391. PMID 8390660.
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  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 John Coleman Darnell (2006). The Wadi of the Horus Qa-a: A Tableau of Royal Ritual Power in the Theban Western Desert. Yale. Archived from the original on 2011-02-01. Retrieved on 2010-08-24.
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  37. ↑ Rodda & Ubertini (2004), The Basis of Civilization--water Science?, p. 161, International Association of Hydrological Science, ISBN 1901502570
  38. ↑ Harriet Crawford, Sumer and the Sumerians, Cambridge University Press, (New York 1993), ISBN 0-521-38850-3, page 73
  39. ↑ "Tchogha Zanbil". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/113. "It is the largest ziggurat outside of Mesopotamia and the best preserved of this type of stepped pyramidal monument." 
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  43. ↑ Davreu (1978), pages 121-129
  44. ↑ Pruthi (2004), pages 225-270
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  46. ↑ Livingston & Beach, 20
  47. ↑ Kryss Katsiavriades and Talaat Qureshi, Inventions - 3000 BCE to 2000 BCE.
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  49. ↑ Ghosh, Massey, and Banerjee, page 14
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Dales (1974)
  51. ↑ Rao, S. R. (1985), Lothal, pp. 27–8, Archaeological Survey of India
  52. ↑ Whitelaw, page 14
  53. ↑ Sherman, David M. (2002). Tending Animals in the Global Village. Blackwell Publishing. 46. ISBN 0683180517.
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  56. ↑ Keay, John (2001), India: A History, 13-14, Grove Press, ISBN 0802137970.
  57. ↑ Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro
  58. ↑ Rodda, J.C. and Ubertini, Lucio (2004). The Basis of Civilization – Water Science? p. 161. International Association of Hydrological Sciences (International Association of Hydrological Sciences Press 2004).
  59. ↑ Ifrah, Georges (2001). The Universal History of Computing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 11. ISBN 978-0-471-39671-0. 
  60. ↑ David S. Anthony, The Horse, The Wheel and Language: How bronze age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world (2007), pp. 397-405.
  61. ↑ Stephen Chrisomalis (2010). Numerical Notation: A Comparative History, 247. 
  62. ↑ Thrusfield, page 2
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  65. ↑ World's Greatest Inventions. Retrieved on 26 March 2018.
  66. ↑ Berlev, Oleg (1997). "Bureaucrats", in Donadoni, Sergio: The Egyptians, Trans. Bianchi, Robert et al., Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 18. ISBN 0-226-15555-2. OCLC 35808323. 
  67. ↑ One of world's oldest sundials dug up in Kings' Valley, Upper Egypt
  68. ↑ History Channel, Where Did It Come From? Episode: "Ancient China: Agriculture"
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  70. ↑ Alter, page 88
  71. ↑ Craddock, P. T. et al. (1983), "Zinc production in medieval India", World Archaeology 15 (2), Industrial Archaeology, p. 13
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 History of Ondol
  73. ↑ Koppel (2007), page 217
  74. ↑ A World of Glass
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  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Zaheer Baber (1996), The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India, p. 23, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0791429199
  77. ↑ "Review of Ancient Wisdom of Qanat, and Suggestions for Future Water Management" (PDF). www.e-sciencecentral.org. p. 57.
  78. ↑ "APPLICATION OF TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE AS SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO MITIGATION OF SHORTAGE WATER SUPPLY IN DESERT REGIONS" (PDF). universitypublications.net. p. 125.
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 Surgical Instruments from Ancient Rome
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  82. ↑ Kriger, Colleen E. & Connah, Graham (2006), Cloth in West African History, p. 120, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 0759104220
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See also

  • List of inventors
  • List of emerging technologies
  • Inventions in the Islamic world
  • List of Chinese inventions
  • List of Indian inventions and discoveries
  • List of Japanese inventions
  • List of Korean inventions

External links

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