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==1st millennium BCE== * [[Cautery#History|Cautery]] in [[Asia Minor]]<ref name=Rome>[http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/library/wdc-lib/historical/artifacts/roman_surgical/ Surgical Instruments from Ancient Rome]</ref> * [[Speculum (medical)|Speculum]] in [[Asia Minor]]<ref name=Rome/> * [[Scissors|Cross-bladed scissors]] in [[Asia Minor]]<ref name=Rome/><ref name=Surgery>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7137224.stm Roman period surgery set on show], [[BBC]]</ref> * [[Surgical needle]] in [[Asia Minor]]<ref name=Rome/> * [[Catapult]] in [[ancient Near East]] * [[South Pointing Chariot]] in [[China]] * [[Differential (mechanical device)|Differential gear]] in [[China]] * [[Flash lock]] in [[China]] * [[Bookbinding]] in [[History of India|India]] * [[Blowgun]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=White521>[[Lynn Townsend White, Jr.]] (April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology", ''The American Historical Review'' '''65''' (3), p. 521.</ref> * [[Indigo dye]] in [[India]]<ref name=k&c>Kriger, Colleen E. & Connah, Graham (2006), ''Cloth in West African History'', p. 120, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 0759104220</ref> * [[Iron]] [[pellet]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=White521/> * [[Jute]] in [[Bengal]]<ref name=ebjute>''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' (2008), "jute"</ref> * [[Prayer flags]] in [[History of India|India]] * [[Rut (roads)|Rutway]] in [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Persia]] * [[Toothbrush]]: [[Neem]] in [[History of India|India]] * [[Foresail]]: [[Phoenicia]]ns<ref name="phoenician_sailing">[http://www.csc.kth.se/~cgjoh/ambssailing.pdf]</ref> * Two-[[Mast (sailing)|masted]] ship: [[Phoenicia]]ns<ref name="phoenician_sailing"/> * [[Bireme]] ship: [[Phoenicia]]ns<ref name="phoenician_sailing"/> * [[Double-decker]] ship: [[Phoenicia]]ns ([[bireme]])<ref name="phoenician_sailing"/> ===8th century BCE=== * [[Sugar]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]<ref name=gr1>{{cite book |title=Something about sugar: its history, growth, manufacture and distribution |first=George |last=Rolph |year=1873 |url=https://archive.org/details/somethingaboutsu00rolprich|location=San Francisco|publisher= J.J. Newbegin }}</ref> * 704 BC to 681 BC: [[Screw pump]] at the [[Hanging Gardens of Babylon]] or [[Nineveh]] in [[Mesopotamia]]<ref>Stephanie Dalley, ''The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced'', (2013), OUP {{ISBN|978-0-19-966226-5}}</ref><ref name=DO>{{cite journal|last1=Dalley|first1=Stephanie|last2=Oleson|first2=John Peter|date=2003|title= Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient World|pages=1–26|journal=[[Technology and Culture]]|volume=44|issue=1|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/40151/|doi=10.1353/tech.2003.0011}}</ref> ===7th century BCE=== * {{circa}} 700 BCE: [[Chain]] in [[Mesopotamia]] * {{circa}} 700 BCE: [[Chain pump]] in [[Babylonia]]<ref>[[Joseph Needham]], ''Science and Civilisation in China'' 4(2) (1965), p. 352.</ref> * {{circa}} 700 BCE: [[Screw]]: [[Sennacherib]] in [[Mesopotamia]] * {{circa}} 700 BCE: [[Screw pump]]: [[Sennacherib]] in [[Mesopotamia]] * {{circa}} 700 BCE: [[Water screw]]: [[Sennacherib]] in [[Mesopotamia]] * 700 BC: [[Chain pump]] in [[Babylonia]], [[Mesopotamia]]<ref>[[Joseph Needham]], ''Science and Civilisation in China'' 4(2) (1965), p. 352.</ref> === 6th century BCE=== * {{circa}} 600 BCE: [[Chopsticks]] in [[China]] * 600 BC [[Lighthouse]] in Egypt<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://whoinvented.blogspot.com.au/2008/05/1st-millennium-bc-encompasses-iron-age.html|title=World's Greatest Inventions: Inventions: 1st millennium BC (1000 BC to 1 BC)|first=|last=Everwondered?|date=31 May 2008|website=whoinvented.blogspot.com.au|accessdate=26 March 2018}}</ref> * [[Sugar]] in [[History of India|India]] * [[Prosthodontics|Dental bridge]] in [[Etruscan civilization|Etruria]] * [[Kite]]: [[Lu Ban]] in [[China]] * [[Plastic surgery]]: [[Sushruta]] in [[History of India|India]] * [[Cosmetic surgery]]: [[Sushruta]] in [[History of India|India]] * [[Rhinoplasty]]: [[Sushruta]] in [[History of India|India]] * [[Cataract surgery]]: [[Sushruta]]<ref name=finger66>Finger (2001), page 66</ref> in [[History of India|India]] * [[Rotary mill]]: [[Phoenicia]]ns in [[Carthage]] [http://www.academia.edu/1070900/S._Wefers_Still_using_your_saddle_quern_A_compilation_of_the_oldest_known_rotary_querns_in_western_Europe] * [[Rotary quern]]: [[Phoenicia]]ns [http://www.academia.edu/1070900/S._Wefers_Still_using_your_saddle_quern_A_compilation_of_the_oldest_known_rotary_querns_in_western_Europe] * [[Crank (mechanism)|Crank]] motion: [[Phoenicia]]ns (rotary mill/quern) * [[Sakia]] in [[Persian Egypt]] * [[Working animal|Animal-powered]] [[Water wheel|water wheel]] in [[Persian Egypt]] * [[Crucible steel]] ([[wootz steel]]) in [[South India]] and [[Sri Lanka]]<ref>{{cite journal |first=Sharada |last=Srinivasan |date=15 November 1994 |title=Wootz crucible steel: a newly discovered production site in South India |journal=Papers from the Institute of Archaeology |volume=5 |pages=49–59 |doi=10.5334/pia.60}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Herbert Henery |last=Coghlan |year=1977 |title=Notes on prehistoric and early iron in the Old World |pages=99–100 |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Pitt Rivers Museum]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=B. |last=Sasisekharan |year=1999 |url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b66_263.pdf |title=Technology of Iron and Steel in Kodumanal |journal=[[Indian Journal of History of Science]] |volume=34 |number=4 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724033115/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b66_263.pdf |archivedate=24 July 2015}}</ref> ===5th century BCE=== * [[Crossbow]] in [[History of China#Ancient China|Ancient China]]: In Ancient China, the earliest evidence of bronze [[History of crossbows|crossbow]] bolts dates as early as the mid-5th century BC in Yutaishan, [[Hubei]].<ref>Wagner (1993), 153, 157–158.</ref> * 500-100 BCE: [[Hallux|Big-toe]] [[stirrup]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Chamberlin80>Chamberlin (2007), page 80</ref><ref>[[Lynn Townsend White, Jr.]] (April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology", ''The American Historical Review'' '''65''' (3), p. 516.</ref> * 403-221 BCE: [[Cupola furnace]] in [[China]]<ref name="pigott">Pigott, Vincent C. (1999). ''The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 0-924171-34-0, p. 191.</ref> * 403-221 BCE: [[Foundry]] in [[China]]<ref name="pigott"/> === 5th century BCE=== * 500 BCE: Iron [[plough]] in [[China]] * 500 BCE: Heavy [[plough]] in [[China]] * {{circa}} 500 BCE: [[Royal Road]] in [[Persia (Index)|Persian Empire]] * {{circa}} 500 BCE: [[History of Globalization|Highway]] in [[Persia (Index)|Persian Empire]] * 499-477 BCE: [[Horse collar]] in [[China]]<ref>Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 319–323.</ref> * 475 BCE: [[Scythed Chariot]]: [[Ajatashatru]] in [[History of India|India]] * [[Linguistics]]: [[Pāṇini]] in [[India]]<ref name=Ivic>''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' (2008), "Linguistics"</ref> * Traction [[trebuchet]] in [[China]] * [[Cast iron]] in [[China]]<ref name="wagner 7 36 37 64 68">Wagner (2001), 7, 36–37, 64–68.</ref><ref>Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais (2006), 30.</ref><ref>Gernet (1996), 69.</ref><ref>Wagner (1993), 335.</ref><ref name="pigott 1999 177">Pigott (1999), 177.</ref> * [[Crossbow]] in [[China]] * [[Lever]] in [[Egypt]] and [[China]] === 4th century BCE=== * [[Water wheel]] in [[ancient Near East]],<ref name="Selin">{{cite book |last1=Selin |first1=Helaine |title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9789401714167 |page=282 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzjpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA282}}</ref><ref name=Wikander>{{Cite book|contribution=Chapter 6: Sources of Energy and Exploitation of Power|author=Örjan Wikander| author-link = Örjan Wikander|title=The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World|editor=John Peter Oleson|editor-link=John Peter Oleson|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-518731-1|pages=141–2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Evolution of Water Lifting Devices (Pumps) over the Centuries Worldwide|author=Stavros I. Yannopoulos, Gerasimos Lyberatos, Nicolaos Theodossiou, Wang Li, Mohammad Valipour, Aldo Tamburrino, Andreas N. Angelakis|journal=Water|year=2015|volume=7|issue=9|pages=5031–5060|publisher=[[MDPI]]|doi=10.3390/w7095031}}</ref> and [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Needham>[[Joseph Needham]] (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2'', p. 361. [[Taipei]]: Caves Books, Ltd.</ref> * [[Hydropower]]ed [[water wheel]] in [[Egypt]] * [[Watermill]] in [[Persian Empire]],<ref name="Selin"/> [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Needham/> and [[Egypt]] * [[Noria]] in [[Ancient Egypt]]<ref name=Miranda>{{Cite book|title=Water architecture in the lands of Syria: the water-wheels|author=Adriana de Miranda|publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider|year=2007|isbn=88-8265-433-8|pages=38–9}}</ref> and [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Needham/> * [[Compass]] in [[History of China|China]] * [[Star catalogue]]s: [[Gan De]] and [[Shi Shen]] * [[India ink]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Juleff>Juleff 1996</ref> === 3rd century BCE=== * c. 300 BCE: [[Wootz steel]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Ranganathan>Srinivasan & Ranganathan</ref> * 300 BCE: [[Crucible steel]] in [[History of India|India]] * 300-100 BCE: [[Pig iron]] in [[China]] * 285 BCE: [[Suspension bridge]] in [[China]] * 283-250 BCE: [[Lock (water transport)|Canal lock]] and [[pound lock]] in [[Ancient Suez Canal]], [[Egypt]]<ref>Moore, Frank Gardner (1950): "Three Canal Projects, Roman and Byzantine", ''[[American Journal of Archaeology]]'', Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 97–111 (99–101)</ref><ref>Froriep, Siegfried (1986): "Ein Wasserweg in Bithynien. Bemühungen der Römer, Byzantiner und Osmanen", ''Antike Welt'', 2nd Special Edition, pp. 39–50 (46)</ref><ref>Schörner, Hadwiga (2000): "Künstliche Schiffahrtskanäle in der Antike. Der sogenannte antike Suez-Kanal", ''Skyllis'', Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 28–43 (33–35, 39)</ref> * 210 BCE: [[Chromium]] use in [[China]] * 205-200 BCE: [[Dry dock]] in [[Egypt]] * 202-201 BCE: [[Bellows]] in [[China]] * [[Blast furnace]] in [[Sri Lanka]]<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/06/science/ancient-smelter-used-wind-to-make-high-grade-steel.html John Noble Wilford, "Ancient Smelter Used Wind To Make High-Grade Steel", ''New York Times'', 6 February 1996.</ref> and [[China]]<ref name="wagner 7 36 37 64 68"/><ref>Pigott (1999), 183–184.</ref> * [[Diamond (gemstone)|Diamond gemstone]] in [[India]]<ref name=Encarta11>''MSN [[Encarta]]'' (2007), [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557986/Diamond.html ''Diamond'']</ref> * [[Clockwork]] in [[Egypt]]<ref name="Lewis 2000 356f.">{{Citation | last = Lewis | first = Michael | year = 2000 | contribution = Theoretical Hydraulics, Automata, and Water Clocks | editor-last = Wikander | editor-first = Örjan | title = Handbook of Ancient Water Technology | series = Technology and Change in History | publication-place = Leiden | volume = 2 | pages = 343–369 (356f.) | isbn = 90-04-11123-9}}</ref> and [[China]] * Clockwork [[escapement]] mechanism in [[Egypt]]<ref name="Lewis 2000 356f.">{{Citation | last = Lewis | first = Michael | year = 2000 | contribution = Theoretical Hydraulics, Automata, and Water Clocks | editor-last = Wikander | editor-first = Örjan | title = Handbook of Ancient Water Technology | series = Technology and Change in History | publication-place = Leiden | volume = 2 | pages = 343–369 (356f.) | isbn = 90-04-11123-9}}</ref> * [[Hydropower]]ed [[Sakia]] in [[Egypt]] * [[Odometer]]: [[Archimedes]]? * [[Cashmere wool]] in [[India]]<ref>''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' (2008), "cashmere"</ref> * [[Contour canal]]: [[Shi Lu]] in [[China]] * [[Lock (water transport)|Lock gate]] in [[China]] * [[Stupa]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Ency/> * [[Pagoda]] in [[History of India|India]]<ref name=Ency>''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' (2008), "Pagoda"</ref> * [[Gear]] in [[Egypt]] and [[China]] * [[Gear train]] in [[Egypt]] and [[China]] * [[Valve]] tower [[sluice]] in [[Sri Lanka]]<ref>[http://www.slageconr.net/slsnet/9thicsls/individual/abs164.pdf B. H. M. W. Bohingamuwa (2000): "The water regulation technology of ancient Sri Lankan reservoirs: The Bisokotuwa sluice", p164.]</ref> * [[Cam]] in [[Hellenistic world]], used in water-driven [[automata]].<ref>[[Andrew Wilson (classical archaeologist)|Wilson, Andrew]] (2002): "Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy", ''[[The Journal of Roman Studies]]'', Vol. 92, pp. 1–32 (16) {{jstor|3184857}}</ref> * [[Escapement#Liquid-driven escapements|Liquid-driven escapement]] in [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic kingdoms]] described by [[Philo of Byzantium]] (c. 280 – 220 BC)<ref>[[John Peter Oleson|Oleson, John Peter]] (2000): "Water-Lifting", in: [[Örjan Wikander|Wikander, Örjan]]: "Handbook of Ancient Water Technology", Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, {{ISBN|90-04-11123-9}}, pp. 217–302 (233)</ref> * [[Sakia]] in [[Egypt]]<ref name=Miranda/> === 2nd century BCE=== * 150s BCE: [[Astrolabe]] in Eastern [[Mediterranean]] * [[Parchment]] in [[Pergamon]], [[Asia Minor]] * [[Wheelbarrow]] in [[China]]<ref>Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 263–267.</ref> === 1st century BCE=== * 100 BCE: [[Trip hammer]] in [[China]] * 52 BCE: [[Armillary sphere]]: Geng Shouchang in [[China]] * 21 BCE: Collapsable [[umbrella]]: [[Wang Mang]]<ref>Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 70–71.</ref>
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