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This is a '''list of [[Japan]]ese [[invention]]s and [[Discovery (observation)|discoveries]]'''. The Japanese contributed to a number of fields. In particular, the country has played a crucial role in the [[digital revolution]] since the 20th century, with many revolutionary and widespread technologies in fields such as [[electronics]] and [[robotic]]s introduced by Japanese companies and entrepreneurs. [[Japanese popular culture]], strongly shaped by its electronic technologies, also has considerable global influence. ==Architecture== [[File:Nagoya Castle(Edit2).jpg|thumb|300px|[[Nagoya Castle]]]] {{see also|Japanese architecture}} ;[[Japanese castle]] : Fortresses constructed primarily out of stone and wood used for military defence in strategic locations.<ref name="Inoue">{{cite book|last=Inoue|first=Munekazu|year=1959|title=Castles of Japan|location=Tokyo|publisher=Association of Japanese Castle}}</ref> ;[[Metabolism (architecture)|Metabolism]] : A post-war Japanese architectural movement developed by a wide variety of Japanese architects including [[Kiyonori Kikutake]], [[Kisho Kurokawa]] and [[Fumihiko Maki]], Metabolism aimed to fuse ideas about architectural [[megastructures]] with those of organic biological growth.<ref name="Lin 2010, p23">Lin (2010), p. 23</ref> ;[[Tahōtō]] : Tahōtō is a form of [[Japanese pagoda]] found primarily at [[Vajrayana|Esoteric]] [[Shingon]] and [[Tendai]] school [[Buddhist temples in Japan|Buddhist temples]]. Unlike most pagodas, it has two stories.<ref name="nk">{{cite book | title=Nihon Kenchiku-shi | editor=Fujita Masaya, Koga Shūsaku | publisher=Shōwa-dō | date=10 April 1990 | edition=30 September 2008 | isbn=4-8122-9805-9 | language=Japanese |ref=CITEREFFujitaKoga2008}}</ref> ==Arts== ;[[Comic book]] : ''[[Kibyoshi]]'' picture books from the late 18th century may have been the world's first [[comic]] books.<ref name ="Kern 2006">{{cite book |last=Kern |first=Adam |year=2006 |title=Manga from the Floating World: Comicbook Culture and the Kibyoshi of Edo Japan |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-02266-1}}</ref> These graphical narratives share with modern [[manga]] humorous, satirical and romantic themes.<ref name ="Kern 2006" /> ;[[Emakimono]] : Picture scrolls that were a horizontal, illustrated narrative form produced in Japan from the end of the [[Nara period]] (8th century) through to the end of the [[Medieval Japan|medieval era]] (12th-16th centuries).<ref>[http://web-japan.org/museum/emaki/about_em.html Overview of Scroll Painting (Emaki)]</ref> [[File:Ogon Batto Kamishibai.jpg|thumb|right|The [[superhero]] [[Ōgon Bat]] from a [[kamishibai]] (1930)]] ;[[Kamishibai]] : A form of paper theater, combining [[street theatre]], [[storytelling]], and artwork. It was popular in Japan during the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s. It has roots in Japan's ''[[etoki]]'' ("pictorial storytelling") art history, which can be traced back to 12th century ''[[Emakimono|emaki]]'' scrolls, such as the ''[[Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga|Choju giga]]'' ("Frolicking Critters") attributed to the priest [[Toba Sōjō]] (1053–1140).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Manga Kamishibai: The Art of Japanese Paper Theatre|last=Nash|first=Eric P.|publisher=Abrams Comicarts|year=2009|isbn=|location=New York|pages=55}}</ref> [[File:Manga Hokusai.jpg|thumb|''[[Hokusai Manga]]'' (early 19th century)]] ;[[Manga]], [[comics]], [[cartoon]] : Japanese comics and cartooning, known as manga, have a history dating back to the 12th-to-13th-century ''{{transl|ja|[[Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga]]}}'', 17th-century ''{{transl|ja|[[toba-e]]}}'' and ''{{transl|ja|[[kibyōshi]]}}'' picture books,<ref>{{cite book |last = Schodt |first = Frederik L. |title = Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Loug6sbKTvEC |year = 1996 |publisher = Stone Bridge Press |isbn = 978-1-880656-23-5 |page=22}}</ref> and [[Woodblock printing|woodblock prints]] such as [[ukiyo-e]] which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The ''{{transl|ja|kibyōshi}}'' contained examples of sequential images, movement lines,<ref>{{cite book |last = Mansfield |first = Stephen |title = Tokyo: A Cultural History |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Qrr-CKuAjkUC |year = 2009 |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn = 978-0-19-538634-9 |page=253}}</ref> and sound effects.<ref name="petersen">{{cite book |last = Petersen |first = Robert |title = Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w1b5wVUEHpUC |year = 2010 |publisher = [[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn = 978-0-313-36330-6 |page=42}}</ref> ''Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga'', a set of four [[Emakimono|picture scrolls]] produced in the 12th and 13th centuries, has been credited as the first manga.<ref name="Society Japan">{{cite web |url=http://int.physiology.jp/en/choju-giga/ |title=Choju-Giga |publisher=The Physiological Society of Japan |accessdate=2008-12-05 }}</ref> The [[ukiyo-e]] artist [[Hokusai]], who created the ''[[Hokusai Manga]]'', popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, ''{{transl|ja|[[manga]]}}'', in the early 19th century.<ref name="petersen"/><ref>{{cite book |last = Power |first = Natsu Onoda |title = God of Comics: Osamu Tezuka and the Creation of Post-World War II Manga |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dvaR1-9HE7YC |year = 2009 |publisher = [[University Press of Mississippi]] |isbn = 978-1-60473-478-2 |page=24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Gravett |first = Paul |title = Manga: 60 Years of Japanese Comics |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VgdjrS-lYwQC |year = 2004 |publisher = Laurence King Publishing |isbn = 978-1-85669-391-2 |page=9}}</ref> ;[[Manga iconography|Manga eyes]] : The roots of the wide-eyed look commonly associated with [[manga]] dates back to early [[shōjo]] magazine illustrations in the early 20th century. The most important illustrators associated with this style at the time were [[Yumeji Takehisa]] and particularly [[Jun'ichi Nakahara]], who frequently drew female characters with big eyes in the early 20th century. This influenced early [[shōjo manga]], evident in the work of [[manga artist]]s such as [[Makoto Takahashi]] and [[Riyoko Ikeda]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j1LLCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA24</ref> ;[[Shōjo manga]] : Japanese magazines specifically for girls, known as [[shōjo]] magazines, first appeared in 1903 with the founding of ''Shōjo Kai'' and continued with others such as ''[[Shōjo Sekai]]'' (1906) and ''Shōjo no Tomo'' (1908).<ref name="Thorn 2001">{{Cite journal | last = Thorn | first = Matt | authorlink = Matt Thorn |date=July–September 2001 | title = Shôjo Manga—Something for the Girls | journal = The Japan Quarterly | volume = 48 | issue = 3 | url = http://matt-thorn.com/shōjo_manga/japan_quarterly/index.html | accessdate = 2007-09-22}}</ref><ref>[http://www.kikuyo-lib.jp/top.html The Kikuyō Town Library {{nihongo2|菊陽町図書館}}]. [http://www.kikuyo-lib.jp/08_menu.htm {{nihongo3|"Meiji – Shōwa: An Introduction to Girls' Magazines"|明治〜昭和 少女雑誌のご紹介|Meiji – Shōwa shōjo zasshi no goshōkai}}] Retrieved on 2008-09-15.</ref> Manga began to appear in these magazines by 1910, and by the 1930s had become an essential feature of most girls' magazines. The most popular early shōjo manga, [[Katsuji Matsumoto]]'s ''Kurukuru Kurumi-chan'', debuted on the pages of ''Shōjo no Tomo'' in 1938.<ref>[[Matt Thorn|Thorn, Matt]] (2006) "[http://www.matt-thorn.com/shoujo_manga/prewar_shoujo/index.php Pre-World War II Shōjo Manga and Illustrations]" matt-thorn.com {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316192926/http://www.matt-thorn.com/shoujo_manga/prewar_shoujo/index.php |date=March 16, 2015 }}</ref> ;[[Superhero]] [[secret identity]] : The Prince of Gamma, a [[kamishibai]] character from the early 1930s, was the first superhero with an [[alter ego]], predating [[Superman]] (debuted 1938). An interstellar prince orphaned on Earth, the Prince of Gamma had an alter-ego of a poor street urchin in Tokyo, but when danger called, he transformed into a superhero with a blue suit and yellow cape.<ref name="comics"/><ref name="herocomplex"/> ;[[Superpower (ability)|Superpowered]] costumed [[superhero]] : [[Ōgon Bat]], a Japanese superhero created by Takeo Nagamatsu in 1931 for [[kamishibai]] paper theater,<ref name="herocomplex">{{cite news | url = http://herocomplex.latimes.com/uncategorized/the-early-origins-of-anime-and-manga-traced-to-street-theater-of-japan/ | title=The superheroes of Japan who predated Superman and Batman| work=[[Los Angeles Times]]| date=November 29, 2009 |accessdate=November 18, 2014| first= Liesl| last= Bradner| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140105055754/http://herocomplex.latimes.com/uncategorized/the-early-origins-of-anime-and-manga-traced-to-street-theater-of-japan/| archivedate = January 5, 2014| deadurl=no}}</ref> was the first costumed superhero with superpowers,<ref name="comics">{{cite web| url = http://comicsbulletin.com/first-superhero-golden-bat/ | publisher=[[Comics Bulletin]] | title=The First Superhero – The Golden Bat?| first= Zack | last=Davisson| date= December 19, 2010|accessdate=November 18, 2014| archivedate= November 9, 2014 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141109164440/http://comicsbulletin.com/first-superhero-golden-bat/| deadurl =no}}</ref><ref name="herocomplex"/> predating [[Superman]] (debuted 1938) and [[Batman]] (debuted 1939).<ref name="herocomplex"/> ===Literature=== [[File:Genji emaki 01003 002.jpg|thumb|Written text from the earliest illustrated handscroll (12th century) of ''[[The Tale of Genji]]'']] {{see also|Japanese literature|Japanese science fiction}} ;[[Flying saucer]] : A manuscript illustration of the 10th-century [[Japanese literature|Japanese narrative]], ''[[The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter]]'', depicts a round flying machine similar to a flying saucer.<ref name=Richardson>{{Cite book|title=The Halstead Treasury of Ancient Science Fiction|first=Matthew|last=Richardson|publisher=Halstead Press|publication-place=Rushcutters Bay, New South Wales|year=2001|isbn=1875684646|postscript=<!--None-->}} ([[cf.]] {{Cite journal|title=Once Upon a Time|journal=Emerald City|issue=85|date=September 2002|url=http://www.emcit.com/emcit085.shtml#Once|accessdate=2008-09-17|postscript=<!--None-->}})</ref> ;[[Novel]] : ''[[The Tale of Genji]]'', written by Lady [[Murasaki Shikibu]] in the early 11th century, is regarded as the first novel in general.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Tale of Genji|first=Royall|last=Tyler|publisher=[[Penguin Classics]]|year=2003|isbn=014243714X|pages=i-ii & xii|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> ;[[Psychological novel]] : ''[[The Tale of Genji]]'', written in 11th-century Japan, has often been considered the first psychological [[novel]].<ref>[[Jorge Luis Borges]], ''The Total Library'': "[''The Tale of Genji'', as translated by [[Arthur Waley]],] is written with an almost miraculous naturalness, and what interests us is not the exoticism — the horrible word — but rather the human passions of the novel. Such interest is just: Murasaki's work is what one would quite precisely call a psychological novel. ... I dare to recommend this book to those who read me. The English translation that has inspired this brief insufficient note is called ''The Tale of Genji''."</ref> [[File:Taketori Monogatari 2.jpg|thumb|Kaguya-hime returning to the Moon in ''[[The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter]]'' (10th century)]] ;[[Science fiction]] : Some classical [[Japanese literature]] contain elements of proto-science fiction. The Japanese tale of [[Urashima Tarō]] involves [[Time travel|traveling forwards in time]] to a distant future,<ref name=Yorke/> and was first described in the ''[[Nihon Shoki|Nihongi]]'' (720).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Folklore, myths, and legends: a world perspective|first=Donna|last=Rosenberg|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]|year=1997|isbn=0-8442-5780-X|page=421}}</ref> The 10th-century Japanese narrative, ''[[The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter]]'', is also considered proto-science fiction.<ref name=Richardson/> ;[[Time travel]] : The 8th-century tale of [[Urashima Tarō]] has been identified as the earliest example of a story involving time travel.<ref name=Yorke>{{Cite journal|title=Malchronia: Cryonics and Bionics as Primitive Weapons in the War on Time|first=Christopher|last=Yorke|journal=[[Journal of Evolution and Technology]]|volume=15|issue=1|date=February 2006|pages=73–85|url=http://jetpress.org/volume15/yorke-rowe.html|accessdate=2009-08-29|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> ==Ceramics== {{see also|Japanese pottery and porcelain}} ;[[Imari porcelain]] : Imari porcelain or ''Arita-yaki'' is a type of Japanese porcelain made in the town of [[Arita, Saga|Arita]]. It was widely exported from the port of [[Imari, Saga]] to Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.<ref>Oliver Impey, "Japanese export art of the Edo Period and its influence on European art", ''Modern Asian Studies'' '''18'''.4, Special Issue: Edo Culture and Its Modern Legacy (1984, pp. 685–697) p. 695. "On the one hand a gaudy, brash brightly coloured and highly decorated style, the Imari style."</ref> [[Image:JomonPottery.JPG|thumb|right|Incipient [[Jōmon pottery|Jomon rope pottery]] (10,000–8000 BC)]] ;[[Jōmon pottery]] : The {{nihongo|'''Jōmon Pottery'''|縄文式土器|Jōmon-shiki Doki}} is a type of ancient [[pottery]] which was made during the [[Jōmon period]] in [[Japan]]. The term "Jōmon" (縄文) means "rope-patterned" in Japanese, describing the patterns that are pressed into the clay. The pottery vessels crafted in Ancient Japan during the Jōmon period are generally accepted to be the [[Pottery#History by region|oldest pottery in Japan]]. Bits of pottery discovered in a cave in the northwest coast of modern-day Kyushu date back to as far as 12,700 BCE in radiometric dating tests.<ref name="One">Rice, Prudence M. “On the Origins of Pottery.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 6, no. 1 (1999): 1-54. Database on-line. Springerlink; accessed October 3, 2007.</ref> It is believed by many that Jōmon pottery was probably made even earlier than this date. However, due to ambiguity and multiple sources claiming different dates based on different dating techniques, it is difficult to say for sure how far back Jōmon Pottery was made. Some sources claim archaeological discoveries as far back as the 14th millennium BCE.<ref name="Woah">Kuzmin, Yaroslav V. “Chronology of the earliest pottery in East Asia: progress and pitfalls.” Antiquity 80, (2006): 362-371. Database on-line. EBSCOhost; accessed October 3, 2007.</ref> ==Film and animation== {{See also|Cinema of Japan|Anime}} ;[[3D computer graphics software]] : The earliest known example of [[3D computer graphics]] software for [[personal computer]]s is ''3D Art Graphics'', a set of 3D [[computer graphics]] effects, written by Kazumasa Mitazawa and released in June 1978 for the [[Apple II]] [[home computer]].<ref>https://www.brutaldeluxe.fr/projects/cassettes/japan/</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neoncluster.com/projects-apple2/apple2-jcassettes.html|title=PROJECTS AND ARTICLES Retrieving Japanese Apple II programs|publisher=}}</ref> [[File:Pokémon episode 1 screenshot.png|thumb|right|Scene from the first episode of ''[[Pokémon (anime)|Pokémon]]'', one of the most well-known [[anime]].]] ;[[Anime]] : Japanese [[animation]], or anime, today widely popular among both children and adults across the world, began in the early 20th century. ;[[Man with No Name]] : A [[stock character]] that originated with [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s ''[[Yojimbo (film)|Yojimbo]]'' (1961), where the archetype was first portrayed by [[Toshirō Mifune]]. The archetype was adapted by [[Sergio Leone]] for his [[Spaghetti Western]] ''[[Dollars Trilogy]]'' (1964-1966), with [[Clint Eastwood]] playing the role of the "Man with No Name". It is now a common archetype in [[Samurai cinema|Samurai films]] and [[Western (genre)|Western films]] as well as other genres.<ref>[http://www.movingimage.us/film_programs/program_notes/y/yojimbo.html Moving Image program notes for Yojimbo]</ref> [[File:Metal Gear REX illustration, by Yoshiyuki Takani.jpg|thumb|300px|The mecha genre features combat scenes involving giant robots. Pictured: mass-produced versions of [[Metal Gear (weapon)#Metal Gear REX|Metal Gear REX]] on a conventional battlefield.]] ;[[Mecha]] and [[Super Robot]] : The mecha genre of [[science fiction]] was founded in Japan. The first depiction of mecha [[Super Robot]]s being piloted by a user from within a cockpit was introduced in the [[manga]] and [[anime]] series ''[[Mazinger Z]]'' by [[Go Nagai]] in 1972.<ref name=Gilson>{{cite journal | last1 = Gilson | first1 = Mark | year = | title = A Brief History of Japanese Robophilia | url = | journal = Leonardo | volume = 31 | issue = 5| pages = 367–369 [368] | doi=10.2307/1576597}}</ref> ;[[Postcyberpunk|Postcyberpunk animation/film]] : The first postcyberpunk media work in an animated/film format was ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex]]'' in 2002. It has been called "the most interesting, sustained postcyberpunk media work in existence."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://locusmag.com/2006/Features/Person_GhostInTheShell.html|title=Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex|publisher=Locus Online|date=2006-01-15|accessdate=2008-02-07|last= Person|first= Lawrence}}</ref> ;[[Real robot]] : Real robot is a genre of [[anime]].<ref>[http://anime.webnt.jp/nt-regular/fujitsu/vol14.php Anime Newtype Channel]</ref><ref name="Hatena keyword">[http://d.hatena.ne.jp/keyword/リアルロボット Hatena keyword] Hatena</ref><ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/anime/topics/ Oricon Style manga and anime interviews and specials], Robot anime special, ''“リアルロボット”というジャンルを生み出した作品が『機動戦士ガンダム』である。''(Mobile Suit Gundam, the series that gave birth to the genre named "real robot")</ref> ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam]]'' (1979) is largely considered the first series to introduce the real-robot idea and, along with ''[[The Super Dimension Fortress Macross]]'' (1982), would form the basis of what people would later call real-robot anime.<ref name="ACG">10 commandments of Real robot, Gundam Sentinel introduction, Gundam workshop, Format ACG</ref> ;[[Real-time computer graphics|Real-time]] [[3D computer graphics|3D]] [[Ray tracing (graphics)|ray tracing]] : The first implementation of a real-time 3D ray-tracer was the [[Supercomputing in Japan|LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System]], built in 1982 at [[Osaka University]]'s School of Engineering, by professors Ohmura Kouichi, Shirakawa Isao and Kawata Toru with 50 students. It was a [[massively parallel]] processing [[computer]] system with 514 [[microprocessor]]s, used for rendering realistic [[3D computer graphics]] with high-speed ray tracing. According to the [[Information Processing Society of Japan]]: "By developing a new software methodology specifically for high-speed image rendering, LINKS-1 was able to rapidly render highly realistic images." It was "used to create the world's first 3D [[planetarium]]-like video of the entire [[Universe|heavens]] that was made completely with [[computer graphics]]. The video was presented at the [[Fujitsu]] pavilion at the 1985 International Exposition in [[Tsukuba]]."<ref>http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/other/0013.html</ref> ;[[Steampunk|Steampunk animation]] : The earliest examples of steampunk [[animation]] are [[Hayao Miyazaki]]'s [[anime]] works ''[[Future Boy Conan]]'' (1978),<ref name=mmosite>{{cite web| title = Unprecedented level of game service operation’ from Steampunk MMORPG Neo Steam | date = June 29, 2008 | url = http://my.mmosite.com/isaackim/Blog/Item/430a9a7145d6fc5e155c8a0a06422254.html | accessdate=2009-06-13}}</ref> ''[[Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)|Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind]]'' (1984)<ref name=Nield>{{cite web|title=Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind|date=2005-09-26|first=Anthony|last=Nield|publisher=DVD Times|url=http://www.dvdtimes.co.uk/content.php?contentid=58641|accessdate=2009-06-13}}</ref> and ''[[Castle in the Sky]]'' (1986).<ref name=matronline>{{cite web|url=http://www.matrix-online.net/bsfa/website/matrixonline/Matrix_Features_3.aspx |title=the news and media magazine of the British Science Fiction Association |publisher=Matrix Online |date=2008-06-30 |accessdate=2009-02-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221090854/https://matrix-online.net/bsfa/website/matrixonline/Matrix_Features_3.aspx |archivedate=2009-02-21 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hayao Miyazaki: The Greatest Fantasy Director You Never Heard Of?|first=Cynthia|last=Ward|date=20 August 2003|url=http://www.locusmag.com/2003/Reviews/Ward08_Miyazaki.html|accessdate=2009-06-13}}</ref> ;[[Superflat]] : A [[postmodern art]] form, founded by the artist [[Takashi Murakami]], which is influenced by ''[[manga]]'' and ''[[anime]]''.<ref>Natalie Avella, ''Graphic Japan: From Woodblock and Zen to Manga and Kawaii'', Rotovision, 2004, p111. ISBN 2-88046-771-3</ref> ==Finance== ;[[Futures contract]] : The first futures exchange market was the [[Dōjima Rice Exchange]] in Japan in the 1730s.<ref> {{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-4266(89)90028-9 | last=Schaede | first=Ulrike | authorlink = Ulrike Schaede | title=Forwards and futures in tokugawa-period Japan: A new perspective on the Dōjima rice market | journal=Journal of Banking & Finance | volume=13 | issue=4–5 |date=September 1989 | pages=487–513 | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. --> }}</ref> ==Games== ===Sports=== ;[[Drifting (motorsport)|Drifting competition]] : In 1988, [[Keiichi Tsuchiya]] alongside [[Option (car magazine)|''Option'' magazine]] founder and [[Editing|chief editor]] Daijiro Inada organised the first contest specifically for sliding a car sideway. In 1996, Option organized the first contest outside Japan<ref>Super Street, Issue 4, December 1996</ref> which began to spread to other countries. ;[[Radio-controlled car|Radio-controlled touring car]] :In 1991, [[Tamiya Corporation|Tamiya]] mounted a 1/10 scale [[Nissan Skyline GT-R]] (a [[Group A]] racer) body to a modified off-road buggy chassis<ref name="liverc">http://www.liverc.com/news/special_features/8485-WORLDS%3A_A_look_back_at_past_winners_of_the_IFMAR_ISTC_World_Championship/</ref> which was credited for the resurgence of the R/C car market in the mid-1990s<ref>http://articles.latimes.com/1994-06-10/news/va-2644_1_radio-controlled-car</ref><ref>http://articles.latimes.com/1994-06-10/news/va-2644_1_radio-controlled-car/2</ref> ===Video games=== ;[[Action role-playing game]] (action RPG) : [[History of Eastern role-playing video games|Japanese developers]] created the action RPG subgenre in the early 1980s, combining [[Role-playing video game|RPG]] elements with [[Arcade game|arcade]]-style [[Action game|action]] and [[Action-adventure game|action-adventure]] elements.<ref name="cgw_76">{{citation|first=Roe R.|last=Adams|work=[[Computer Gaming World]]|date=November 1990|issue= 76|pages=83–84|title= Westward Ho! (Toward Japan, That Is): An Overview of the Evolution of CRPGs on Dedicated Game Machines}}</ref><ref name="1up_parish">{{cite web|title=What Happened to the Action RPG?|author=Jeremy Parish|website=[[1UP.com|1UP]]|year=2012|url=http://www.1up.com/features/what-happened-action-rpg.html|accessdate=2015-01-14}}</ref> In 1983, [[Nihon Falcom]] released ''[[Nihon Falcom#History|Panorama Toh]]'', coming close to the action RPG formula that they later became known for.<ref name="panorama">{{cite web|url=http://blog.hardcoregaming101.net/2013/06/dark-age-of-jrpgs-6-panorama-toh-pc-88.html |title=Hardcore Gaming 101 - Blog: Dark Age of JRPGs (7): Panorama Toh ぱのらま島 - PC-88 (1983) |publisher=Hardcore Gaming 101|date=2013-06-02 |accessdate=2016-07-23}}</ref> The trend of combining RPG elements with arcade-style action mechanics was popularized by ''[[The Tower of Druaga]]'',<ref name="1up_parish"/> an [[arcade game]] released by [[Namco]] in 1984.<ref name="gamasutra">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/FelipePepe/20161010/282896/19821987__The_Birth_of_Japanese_RPGs_retold_in_15_Games.php |title=Felipe Pepe's Blog - 1982-1987 - The Birth of Japanese RPGs, re-told in 15 Games |publisher=Gamasutra |date= |accessdate=2017-02-21}}</ref> Its success inspired the development of three early action RPGs, combining ''Druaga''{{'}}s real-time [[hack-and-slash]] gameplay with stronger RPG mechanics, all released in late 1984: ''[[Dragon Slayer (video game)|Dragon Slayer]]'', ''Courageous Perseus'', and ''[[Hydlide]]''.<ref name="Szczepaniak">{{cite book|last1=Szczepaniak|first1=John|title=The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers Volume 2|date=2015|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=9781518818745|pages=38–49}}</ref> ;[[Active Time Battle]] : [[Hiroyuki Ito]] introduced the "Active Time Battle" system in ''[[Final Fantasy IV]]'' (1991),<ref name="GT-FFRetrospectiveXIII">{{cite web| url = http://www.gametrailers.com/player/27455.html| title = Final Fantasy Retrospective Part XIII| publisher = [[GameTrailers]]| date = 2007-11-02| accessdate = 2009-03-30}}</ref> where the [[Time-keeping systems in games|time-keeping system]] does not stop.<ref name="gsff4"/> [[Square Co.]], Ltd. filed a United States [[patent application]] for the ATB system on March 16, 1992, under the title "Video game apparatus, method and device for controlling same" and was awarded the patent on February 21, 1995. On the battle screen, each character has an ATB meter that gradually fills, and the player is allowed to issue a command to that character once the meter is full.<ref>{{US patent reference| number = 5390937| y = 1995| m = 02| d = 21| inventor = Hironobu Sakaguchi and Hiroyuki Itou| title = Video game apparatus, method and device for controlling same}}</ref> The fact that enemies can attack or be attacked at any time is credited with injecting urgency and excitement into the combat system.<ref name="gsff4">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/finalfantasy_hs/sec1_4_2.html |title=The History of Final Fantasy - Final Fantasy IV |first=Andrew |last=Vestal |publisher=GameSpot |date=1998-11-02 |accessdate=2008-12-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207103717/http://www.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/finalfantasy_hs/sec1_4_2.html |archivedate=2009-02-07 |df= }}</ref> ;[[Beat 'em up]] : The first game to feature fist fighting was [[Sega|Sega's]] boxing game ''[[Heavyweight Champ]]'' (1976), but it was Data East's fighting game ''[[Karate Champ]]'' (1984) which popularized martial arts themed games.<ref name="tao1">Spencer, Spanner, [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/the-tao-of-beat-em-ups-article?page=2 The Tao of Beat-'em-ups], ''Eurogamer'', February 6, 2008, Accessed March 18, 2009</ref> The same year, [[Hong Kong action cinema|Hong Kong cinema]]-inspired ''[[Kung-Fu Master]]'' laid the foundations for scrolling beat 'em ups with its simple gameplay and multiple enemies.<ref name="tao1"/><ref name = "CGW">Kunkel, Bill; Worley, Joyce; Katz, Arnie, "The Furious Fists of Sega!", ''Computer Gaming World'', October 1988, pp. 48-49</ref> ''[[Kunio-kun (series)#Nekketsu Koha: Kunio-Kun (original game)|Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun]]'', released in 1986 in Japan, deviated from the martial arts themes of earlier games and introduced street brawling to the genre. ''[[Renegade (video game)|Renegade]]'' (released the same year) added an underworld revenge plot that proved more popular with gamers than the principled combat sport of other games.<ref name="tao2">Spencer, Spanner, [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/a_taoofbeatemups_pt2_retro The Tao of Beat-'em-ups (part 2)], ''EuroGamer'', February 12, 2008, Accessed March 18, 2009</ref> ''Renegade'' set the standard for future beat 'em up games as it introduced the ability to move both horizontally and vertically.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/tv/goodgame/stories/s2067970.htm Evolution of a Genre: Beat 'Em Ups],'' ABC Television'', November 6, 2007, Accessed March 24, 2009</ref> ;[[Bullet hell]] : The bullet hell or ''danmaku'' genre began to emerge in the early 1990s as 2D developers needed to find a way to compete with 3D games which were becoming increasingly popular at the time. [[Toaplan]]'s ''[[Batsugun]]'' (1993) is considered to be the ancestor of the modern bullet hell genre.<ref name="ashcraft77">Ashcraft, p. 77</ref> The ''[[Touhou Project]]'' series is one of the most popular bullet hell franchises. ;Color [[video game]] : The first color video game was the 1973 [[arcade game]] ''Playtron'', developed by Japanese company Kasco, which only manufactured two cabinets of the game.<ref>[http://shmuplations.com/kasco/ Kasco and the Electro-Mechanical Golden Age] (Interview), ''Classic Videogame Station ODYSSEY'', 2001</ref> ;[[Fighting game]] : [[Sega]]'s black and white boxing game ''[[Heavyweight Champ]]'' was released in 1976 as the first [[video game]] to feature fist fighting.<ref>Ashcraft, p. 94.</ref> However, [[Data East]]'s ''[[Karate Champ]]'' from 1984 is credited with establishing and popularizing the one-on-one fighting game genre, and went on to influence [[Konami]]'s ''[[Yie Ar Kung-Fu]]'' from 1985.<ref name="games.ign.com">{{cite web | url = http://games.ign.com/articles/840/840621p1.html | title = IGN's Top 10 Most Influential Games | publisher = IGN |author1=Ryan Geddes |author2=Daemon Hatfield | date = 2007-12-10 | accessdate = 2009-04-14 }}</ref> ''Yie Ar Kung Fu'' expanded on ''Karate Champ'' by pitting the player against a variety of opponents, each with a unique appearance and fighting style.<ref name="games.ign.com"/><ref>{{cite journal | author = Hjul, Alison | title = Yie Ar Kung Fu | publisher = Your Sinclair | date = March 1986 | issue = 3 | page = 19 }}</ref> [[Capcom]]'s ''[[Street Fighter]]'' (1987) introduced the use of special moves that could only be discovered by experimenting with the game controls. ''[[Street Fighter II]]'' (1991) established the conventions of the fighting game genre and, whereas previous games allowed players to combat computer-controlled fighters, ''Street Fighter II'' allowed players to play against each other.<ref name="sfhistory">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/sfhistory/history.html |title=The History of Street Fighter |publisher=GameSpot |accessdate=2008-10-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204224001/http://www.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/sfhistory/history.html |archivedate=2009-02-04 |df= }}</ref> ;Human [[Sprite (computer graphics)|sprites]] : The first video game to represent [[player character]]s as human sprite images was [[Taito]]'s ''[[List of Taito games|Basketball]]'', which was licensed in February 1974 to [[Midway Games|Midway]], releasing it as ''TV Basketball'' in North America.<ref>[http://allincolorforaquarter.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/video-game-firsts.html Video Game Firsts], The Golden Age Arcade Historian (November 22, 2013)</ref><ref>[http://flyers.arcade-museum.com/?page=wide-flyer&db=videodb&id=4036&image=2 ''Basketball'' Flyer] (1974), Arcade Flyer Museum</ref> ;[[Nintendo]] :[[Gunpei Yokoi]] was the creator of the Game Boy and Virtual Boy and worked on Famicom (and NES), the Metroid series, Game Boy Pocket and did extensive work on the system we know today as the Nintendo Entertainment System.<ref>[http://inventors.about.com/od/nstartinventions/a/Nintendo.htm History of Nintendo - Inventor Gunpei Yokoi]. Inventors.about.com (1992-10-27). Retrieved on 2014-04-18.</ref> ;[[Open world]] [[action RPG]] : The action role-playing game ''[[Hydlide]]'' (1984) was an early open world game,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/hideo_kojima_en/status/470783176634163200|title=HIDEO_KOJIMA on Twitter|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="gamasutra"/> rewarding exploration in an open world environment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.ign.com/india/82586/feature/ign-india-discusses-game-design-combat-in-open-world-games|title=IGN India discusses game design: Combat in open world games|date=2 November 2015|publisher=}}</ref> ''Hylide'' influenced ''[[The Legend of Zelda (video game)|The Legend of Zelda]]'' (1986),<ref name="Szczepaniak"/> an influential open world game.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://techland.time.com/2012/11/15/all-time-100-video-games/slide/the-legend-of-zelda-1986/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330200302/http://techland.time.com/2012/11/15/all-time-100-video-games/slide/the-legend-of-zelda-1986/ |archivedate=2014-03-30|title=ALL-TIME 100 Video Games |publisher=[[TIME]] |author= Peckham, Matt |date=2012-11-15 |accessdate=2014-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/the-legend-of-zelda-25th-anniversary-a-look-back/1100-6347962/|title=The Legend of Zelda 25th Anniversary A Look Back|publisher=[[GameSpot]] |author= Mc Shea, Tom |date=2011-12-21 |accessdate=2014-08-12}}</ref> ''Zelda'' had an expansive, coherent open world design, inspiring many games to adopt a similar open world design.<ref>http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/video-games/16779-How-The-Legend-of-Zelda-Changed-Gaming</ref> ;[[Open world]] [[adventure game]] : The 1983 [[First person (video games)|first-person]] adventure game, ''[[The Portopia Serial Murder Case]]'', featured a non-linear open world,<ref name="tieryas">{{citation|author=[[Peter Tieryas]]|title=THE MURDER MYSTERY FROM THE CREATOR OF DRAGON QUEST|magazine=Entropy|url=https://entropymag.org/the-murder-mystery-from-the-creator-of-dragon-quest/|date=April 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name="oxm">{{cite magazine|title=Megal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain|magazine=[[Official Xbox Magazine]]|date=Christmas 2015|url=https://archive.org/stream/Xbox_The_Official_Magazine_Xmas_2015#page/n107/mode/2up}}</ref> which is considered ahead of its time.<ref name="oxm"/> [[File:PlayStation2-DualShock2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Controller of the [[PlayStation 2]], the [[List of best-selling video game consoles and handhelds|best-selling video game console]] of all time.]] ;[[Playstation]] :The [[Sony]] PlayStation was invented by [[Ken Kutaragi]]. Research and development for the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] began in 1990, headed by Kutaragi, a Sony engineer.<ref>[http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_playstation.htm History of Sony PlayStation - Who Made the First PlayStation]. Inventors.about.com (2014-03-05). Retrieved on 2014-04-18.</ref> ;[[Platform game]] : ''[[Space Panic]]'', a 1980 arcade release, is sometimes credited as the first platform game.<ref> {{cite book|title=[[Chris Crawford on Game Design]]|isbn=0-88134-117-7|last=Crawford|first=Chris |authorlink=Chris Crawford (game designer)|year=2003|publisher=New Riders}}</ref> It was clearly an influence on the genre, with gameplay centered on climbing ladders between different floors, a common element in many early platform games. ''[[Donkey Kong (video game)|Donkey Kong]]'', an [[arcade game]] created by [[Nintendo]], released in July 1981, was the first game that allowed players to jump over obstacles and across gaps, making it the first true platformer.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.arcade-history.com/index.php?page=detail&id=666 | title=Donkey Kong| publisher=Arcade History|date=2006-11-21|accessdate=2006-11-21}}</ref> ;[[Psychological horror|Psychological]] [[Survival horror|horror game]] : ''[[Silent Hill (video game)|Silent Hill]]'' (1999) was praised for moving away survival horror games from [[B movie]] horror elements to the [[Psychological horror|psychological style]] seen in [[Art film|art house]] or [[J-Horror|Japanese horror]] films,<ref name="horrorfilm">{{cite book | title = Horror Film | editor = Steffen Hantke | author = Richard J. Hand | chapter = Proliferating Horrors: Survival Horror and the Resident Evil Franchise | year = 2004 | publisher = Univ. Press of Mississippi | pages =117–134 }}</ref> due to the game's emphasis on a disturbing atmosphere rather than visceral horror.<ref name="review_gamerev">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamerevolution.com/oldsite/games/sony/adventure/silent_hill.htm|accessdate=2009-04-17|date=1999-03-01|author=Baldric|title=Game Revolution Review Page - Game Revolution|publisher=[[Game Revolution]] }}</ref> The original ''Silent Hill'' is considered one of the scariest games of all time,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gametrailers.com/player/14536.html|title=Gametrailers.com - GT Countdown - Top Ten Scariest Games|date=2007-10-27|accessdate=2009-04-17|publisher=[[GameTrailers]]}}</ref> and the strong narrative from ''[[Silent Hill 2]]'' in 2001 has made the series one of the most influential in the genre.<ref name="fear101">{{cite web | url = http://retro.ign.com/articles/880/880202p1.html | title = Fear 101: A Beginner's Guide to Survival Horror | publisher = IGN | first = Jim| last = Sterling | date = 2008-06-09 | accessdate = 2009-04-17 }}</ref> ''[[Fatal Frame (video game)|Fatal Frame]]'' from 2001 was a unique entry into the genre, as the player explores a mansion and takes photographs of ghosts in order to defeat them.<ref name="IGNevolution">{{cite web | url = http://pc.ign.com/articles/906/906852p1.html | title = The Evolution of the Survival Horror Genre| date = 2008-09-01 | accessdate = 2009-04-17 | publisher = IGN | author = Clara Barraza }}</ref><ref name="UGOfatalframe">{{cite web | url = http://www.ugo.com/games/survival-horror-games-top-11/?cur=Fatal-frame | title = Best Survival Horror Games - Fatal Frame | accessdate = 2009-04-17 | publisher = [[UGO Networks]] }}</ref> [[File:Festival du jeu video 20080926 033.jpg|300px|thumb|Playing ''[[Dance Dance Revolution]]'', one of the most successful [[rhythm games]].]] ;[[Rhythm game]] : ''[[Dance Aerobics]]'' was released in 1987, and allowed players to create music by stepping on Nintendo's [[Power Pad]] peripheral. It has been called the first rhythm-action game in retrospect,<ref name="block">Block, Gerry, [http://uk.gear.ign.com/articles/886/886870p1.html NES Power Pad Rocking Rhythm-Action Play], ''IGN'', July 7, 2008, Accessed April 10, 2009</ref> although the 1996 title ''[[PaRappa the Rapper]]'' has also been deemed the first rhythm game, whose basic template forms the core of subsequent games in the genre. In 1997, [[Konami]]'s ''[[Beatmania]]'' sparked an emergent market for rhythm games in Japan. The company's music division, [[Bemani]], released a number of music games over the next several years. ;[[Platform game#Scrolling era|Scrolling platformer]] : The first [[platform game]] to use [[scrolling]] graphics was ''[[Jump Bug]]'' (1981), a simple platform-shooter developed by [[Alpha Denshi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ne.jp/asahi/retro/retro/review/sa/jumpbug.html |title=ジャンプバグ レトロゲームしま専科 |publisher= |accessdate=2008-06-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211104613/http://www.ne.jp/asahi/retro/retro/review/sa/jumpbug.html |archivedate=2008-02-11 |df= }}</ref> In August 1982, [[Taito]] released ''[[Jungle Hunt|Jungle King]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.klov.com/game_detail.php?game_id=8258 | title=KLOV: Jungle King | publisher=[[Killer List of Videogames|KLOV]] |accessdate=2007-02-08}}</ref> which featured scrolling jump and run sequences that had players hopping over obstacles. [[Namco]] took the scrolling platformer a step further with the 1984 release ''[[Pac-Land]]''. ''Pac-Land'' came after the genre had a few years to develop, and was an evolution of earlier platform games, aspiring to be more than a simple game of hurdle jumping, like some of its predecessors.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.arcade-history.com/index.php?page=detail&id=1913 | title=Pac-Land | publisher=Arcade History|accessdate=2006-11-21}}</ref> It closely resembled later scrolling platformers like ''[[Wonder Boy]]'' and ''[[Super Mario Bros]]'' and was probably a direct influence on them. It also had multi-layered [[parallax scrolling]].<ref name=Wheatley>{{cite web | url=http://www.the-nextlevel.com/board/printthread.php?t=18994 | title=Namco | last= Wheatley | first= Sean | publisher=TNL | date=2003-05-15|accessdate=2006-11-23}}</ref><ref name=Sean>{{cite web | url=http://www.densetsu.com/display.php?id=3&style=alphabetical | title=Namco History Vol 4 | publisher=Anime Densetsu |accessdate=2006-11-24}}</ref> ;[[Real-time strategy]] : ''[[Bokosuka Wars]]'' (1983) is considered to be an early prototype real-time strategy game.<ref name=1UP-Druaga>[http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=1&cId=3135870 Dru Hill: The Chronicle of Druaga], [[1UP.com|1UP]]</ref> [[TechnoSoft]]'s ''[[Herzog (video game)|Herzog]]'' (1988) is regarded as a precursor to the real-time strategy genre, being the predecessor to ''Herzog Zwei'' and somewhat similar in nature.<ref>[http://classicgaming.gamespy.com/View.php?view=GameMuseum.Detail&id=242 Herzog Zwei], GameSpy</ref> ''[[Herzog Zwei]]'', released for the [[Mega Drive|Sega Mega Drive/Genesis]] [[home console]] in 1989, is the earliest example of a game with a feature set that falls under the contemporary definition of modern real-time strategy.<ref name=hzweifirstrts>{{cite web | url=http://gamespy-archives.quaddicted.com/sites/www.strategyplanet.com/features/articles/strategypeak/index.html | title=Are Real Time Strategy Games At Their Peak? | publisher=[[GameSpy]] | date=May 9, 2001 | accessdate=December 14, 2014 }}</ref><ref name=zzap>Zzap! Issue 68, December 1990, p.45 – {{cite web | url=http://www.classicgaming.com/amigareviews/battlema.htm | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211022753/http://www.classicgaming.com/amigareviews/battlema.htm | archivedate=February 11, 2006| title=Amiga Reviews: Battlemaster | accessdate=December 17, 2006}}</ref> ;[[Scrolling]] : [[Tomohiro Nishikado]]'s 1974 arcade [[racing game]] ''[[Speed Race]]'' introduced scrolling graphics, where the sprites moved along a vertical scrolling [[Overhead perspective|overhead]] track.<ref name=Barton-197>Bill Loguidice & Matt Barton (2009), ''Vintage games: an insider look at the history of Grand Theft Auto, Super Mario, and the most influential games of all time'', p. 197, [[Focal Press]], ISBN 0-240-81146-1</ref> ;[[Shoot 'em up]] : ''[[Space Invaders]]'' is frequently cited as the "first" or "original" in the genre.<ref name="lecture">[http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/classes/cmps080k/Winter07/lectures/shmups.pdf Game Genres: Shmups], Professor Jim Whitehead, January 29, 2007, Accessed June 17, 2008</ref><ref name="Space Invaders">Buchanan, Levi, [http://uk.wireless.ign.com/articles/391/391708p1.html Space Invaders], ''IGN'', March 31, 2003, Accessed June 14, 2008</ref> ''Space Invaders'' pitted the player against multiple enemies descending from the top of the screen at a constantly increasing rate of speed.<ref name="Space Invaders"/> As with subsequent shoot 'em ups of the time, the game was set in space as the available technology only permitted a black background. The game also introduced the idea of giving the player a number of "[[life bar|lives]]". ''Space Invaders'' was a massive commercial success, causing a coin shortage in Japan.<ref>Ashcraft pp. 72–73</ref><ref>[http://www.science.ie/EN/index.cfm/section/news/news_key/520 Design your own Space Invaders], ''Science.ie'', 4 March 2008, Accessed 17 June 2008</ref> The following year, [[Namco|Namco's]] ''[[Galaxian]]'' took the genre further with more complex enemy patterns and richer graphics.<ref name="lecture"/><ref>Buchanan, Levi, [http://uk.wireless.ign.com/articles/394/394165p1.html Galaxian Mini], ''IGN'', April 21, 2003, Accessed June 17, 2008</ref> ;[[Stealth game]] : The first stealth-based video games were Hiroshi Suzuki's ''Manbiki Shounen'' (1979),<ref>{{cite book |last=Szczepaniak |first=John |year=2014 |title=The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers |publisher=SMG Szczepaniak |volume=1 |page=7 |isbn=978-0-9929260-3-8 |quote=First ever stealth game, ''Manbiki Shounen''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/japandvd/japandvd.htm|title=The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers BOOK|website=Hardcore Gaming 101}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Szczepaniak |first=John |year=2014 |title=The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers |publisher=SMG Szczepaniak |volume=1 |page=604-605 |isbn=978-0-9929260-3-8 |quote=SUZUKI, Hiroshi ... ''Manbiki Shounen (Shoplifting Boy)'' – PET2001 (1979/11)}}</ref> [[Taito]]'s ''[[List of Lupin III video games|Lupin III]]'' (1980),<ref>{{cite book |last=Szczepaniak |first=John |year=2014 |title=The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers |publisher=SMG Szczepaniak |volume=1 |pages=604-615 |isbn=978-0-9929260-3-8 }}</ref> and [[Sega]]'s ''[[005]]'' (1981).<ref name=Popularplay>{{cite web|title=005 from Sega|publisher=Popularplay|url=http://www.popularplay.com/a/61/005-from-Sega-.php|accessdate=2009-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{KLOV game|id=6759}}</ref><ref>[http://www.arcade-history.com/?n=005&page=detail&id=3 005], Arcade History</ref> The first commercially successful stealth game was [[Hideo Kojima]]'s ''[[Metal Gear]]'' (1987), the first in the [[Metal Gear (series)|''Metal Gear'' series]]. It was followed by ''[[Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake]]'' (1990) which significantly expanded the genre, and then ''[[Metal Gear Solid]]'' (1998). ;[[Survival horror]] : The survival horror [[video game genre]] began with [[Capcom]]'s ''[[Resident Evil (1996 video game)|Resident Evil]]'' (1996), which coined the term "survival horror" and defined the genre.<ref name="GSREH">{{cite web | url = http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/video/res_evil/index.html | title = The History of Resident Evil |author1=Justin Speer |author2=Cliff O'Neill | publisher = [[GameSpot]] | accessdate = 2009-04-17 }}</ref><ref>"Enter The Survival Horror... A ''Resident Evil'' Retrospective," ''Game Informer'' 174 (October 2007): 132-133.</ref> The game was inspired by Capcom's earlier horror game ''[[Sweet Home (video game)|Sweet Home]]'' (1989).<ref name="UGOsweethome">{{cite web | url = http://www.ugo.com/games/survival-horror-games-top-11/?cur=Sweet-home | title = Top 11 Survival Horror Games: Sweet Home | date = 2008-05-21 | publisher = [[UGO Networks]] | accessdate = 2009-04-17 }}</ref> The earliest game to retroactively be described as survival horror is ''Nostromo'', a sci-fi survival horror game developed by [[Tokyo University]] student Akira Takiguchi for the [[PET 2001]], with a [[PC-6001]] port published in 1981.<ref>{{cite book |last=Szczepaniak |first=John |year=2014 |title=The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers |publisher=SMG Szczepaniak |volume=1 |pages=544–573 |isbn=978-0-9929260-3-8 }}</ref> ;[[Tactical role-playing game]] (tactical RPG) : One of the earliest [[History of Eastern role-playing video games|Japanese RPGs]], [[Koei]]'s ''[[History of Eastern role-playing video games#Japanese computer RPGs|The Dragon and Princess]]'' (1982),<ref name="oh_fm7">{{cite web|title=ランダム・アクセス・メモ|url=http://www.retropc.net/fm-7/random_access_memo/04.html|work=[[:jp:Oh!FM|Oh! FM-7]]|accessdate=19 September 2011|page=4|date=4 August 2001}} ([https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ja&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.retropc.net%2Ffm-7%2Frandom_access_memo%2F04.html&act=url Translation])</ref> featured a [[Turn-based tactics|tactical turn-based]] combat system.<ref name=dragon-princess>http://blog.hardcoregaming101.net/2013/04/dark-age-of-jrpgs-dragon-princess-1982.html</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/FelipePepe/20161010/282896/19821987__The_Birth_of_Japanese_RPGs_retold_in_15_Games.php | title =1982-1987 - The Birth of Japanese RPGs, re-told in 15 Games | last =Pepe | first =Felipe | date =2016-10-10 | website =Gamasutra | publisher =UBM Techweb | access-date =2016-11-26}}</ref> Koji Sumii's ''[[Bokosuka Wars]]'' (1983) is credited for laying the foundations for the tactical RPG genre, or "simulation RPG" genre as it is known in Japan, with its blend of basic RPG and [[strategy game]] elements.<ref name=Nintendo-Bokosuka>[https://www.nintendo.co.jp/wii/vc/vc_bw/index.html Bokosuka Wars] ([https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ja&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendo.co.jp%2Fwii%2Fvc%2Fvc_bw%2Findex.html translation]), [[Nintendo]]</ref> The genre became with the game that set the template for tactical RPGs, ''[[Fire Emblem: Ankoku Ryū to Hikari no Tsurugi]]'' (1990).<ref name=Fire-Emblem>[http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/4066/game_design_essentials_20_rpgs.php?page=14 Game Design Essentials: Fire Emblem], [[Gamasutra]]</ref> ;[[Visual novel]] : The visual novel genre is a type of [[interactive fiction]] developed in Japan in the early 1990s. As the name suggests, visual novels typically have limited interactivity, as most player interaction is restricted to clicking text and graphics.<ref>http://andsohesaid.psychedelico.net/?p=67</ref> ==Martial arts== {{See also|Japanese martial arts}} [[File:石井と鈴木.jpg|225px|right|thumb|[[All-Japan Judo Championships]], 2007 men's final.]] ;[[Aikido]] : Aikido was created and developed by [[Morihei Ueshiba]] in first half of the 20th century. ;[[Jujutsu]] : Jujutsu, the "way of yielding", is a collective name for Japanese martial art styles including unarmed and armed techniques. Jujutsu evolved among the samurai of feudal Japan as a method for defeating an armed and armored opponent without weapons. Due to the ineffectiveness of striking against an armored opponent, the most efficient methods for neutralizing an enemy took the form of pins, joint locks, and throws. These techniques were developed around the principle of using an attacker's energy against him, rather than directly opposing it.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Skoss |first=Meik |title=Jujutsu and Taijutsu |journal=Aikido Journal |volume=103 |year=1995 |url=http://www.aikidojournal.com/article.php?articleID=17 |accessdate=2007-09-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213042042/http://www.aikidojournal.com/article.php?articleID=17 |archivedate=2008-02-13 |df= }}</ref> ;[[Karate]] : It began as a common fighting system known as "''[[Okinawan martial arts|ti]]''" (or "''te''") among the [[pechin]] class of the [[Ryukyuans]]. There were few formal styles of ''ti'', but rather many practitioners with their own methods. One surviving example is the [[Motobu-ryū]] school passed down from the Motobu family by Seikichi Uehara.<ref>{{cite book |last = Bishop |first = Mark |title = Okinawan Karate |year = 1989 |isbn =0-7136-5666-2 |page = 154 }} Motobu-ryū & Seikichi Uehara</ref> Early styles of karate are often generalized as [[Shuri-te]], [[Naha-te]], and [[Tomari-te]], named after the three cities from which they emerged.<ref>{{cite book |last = Higaonna |first = Morio |title = Traditional Karatedo Vol. 1 Fundamental Techniques |year = 1985 |isbn =0-87040-595-0 |page = 19 }}</ref> ;[[Ninjutsu]] : Developed by groups of people mainly from the [[Iga Province]] and [[Kōka, Shiga]] of [[Japan]]. Throughout history, many different schools (''[[Ryū (school)|ryū]]'') have taught their unique versions of ''ninjutsu''. An example of these is the [[Togakure-ryū]]. This ''ryū'' was developed after a defeated samurai warrior called Daisuke Togakure escaped to the region of Iga. Later he came in contact with the warrior-monk Kain Doshi who taught him a new way of viewing life and the means of survival (''ninjutsu'').<ref>Hayes, Stephen. “The Ninja and Their Secret Fighting Art.” ISBN 0-8048-1656-5, Tuttle Publishing, 1990: 18-21</ref> ;[[Okinawan martial arts]] : In the 14th century, when the three kingdoms on Okinawa ([[Chūzan]], [[Hokuzan]], and [[Nanzan]]) entered into a [[Tribute|tributary relationship]] with the [[Ming Dynasty]] of [[China]], Chinese Imperial [[Diplomacy|envoys]] and other Chinese arrived, some of whom taught Chinese [[Chuan Fa]] ([[Kempo]]) to the Okinawans. The Okinawans combined Chinese Chuan Fa with the existing martial art of Te to form {{Nihongo|''Tō-de''|唐手|Okinawan: Tū-dī|Tang hand}}, sometimes called {{Nihongo|''Okinawa-te''|沖縄手}}.<ref name="Okinawan Masters">[http://www.msisshinryu.com/masters/index2.shtml msisshinryu.com | Okinawan Masters]</ref> By the 18th century, different types of Te had developed in three different villages - [[Naha, Okinawa|Naha]], [[Shuri, Okinawa|Shuri]], and [[Tomari, Okinawa|Tomari]]. The styles were named Naha-te, Shuri-te, and Tomari-te, respectively. Practitioners from these three villages went on to develop modern karate.<ref name="History of Karate">[http://www.msisshinryu.com/history/ msisshinryu.com | History of Karate]</ref> ==Philosophy== {{see also|Japanese philosophy}} ;[[Lean manufacturing]] : A generic process management philosophy derived mostly from the [[Toyota Production System]] (TPS) (hence the term Toyotism is also prevalent) and identified as "Lean" only in the 1990s.<ref name="womack">{{cite book |last=Womack |first=James P. |author2=Daniel T. Jones |author3=Daniel Roos |title=The Machine That Changed the World |year=1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jom.2006.04.001 |last=Holweg |first=Matthias |title=The genealogy of lean production |journal=Journal of Operations Management |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=420–437 |year=2007}}</ref> ;[[Rashomon effect]] : The Rashomon effect is where the same event is given contradictory interpretations by different individuals involved. The concept originates from [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s 1950 film ''[[Rashomon]]'', in which a murder is described in four mutually contradictory ways by its four witnesses.<ref>{{cite book|last=Davenport|first=Christian|title=Media Bias, Perspective, and State Repression: The Black Panther Party | year=2010 | location = Cambridge, UK | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=9780521759700 | pages=52–73, esp. 55 | chapter=Rashomon Effect, Observation, and Data Generation}}</ref> ==Sciences== ===Atmospheric sciences=== ;[[Downburst]] : Downbursts, strong ground-level wind systems that emanate from a point above and blow radially, were discovered by [[Ted Fujita]].<ref name="Brittanica T. Theodore Fujita">{{cite web|last1=Snow|first1=John|title=T. Theodore Fujita|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/T-Theodore-Fujita|website=Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref> ;[[Fujita scale]] : The first scale designed to measure [[tornado]] intensity, the Fujita scale, was first introduced by [[Ted Fujita]] (in collaboration with [[Allen Pearson]]) in 1971. The scale was widely adopted throughout the world until the development of the [[Enhanced Fujita scale]].<ref name="tornadofacts.net">[http://www.tornadofacts.net/tornado-scale.php Tornado Damage Scales: Fujita Scale and Enhanced Fujita Scale]</ref> ;[[Fujiwhara effect]] : The Fujiwhara effect is an atmospheric phenomenon where two nearby [[cyclone|cyclonic]] [[vortex|vortices]] orbit each other and close the distance between the circulations of their corresponding [[low-pressure area]]s. The effect was first described by [[Sakuhei Fujiwhara]] in 1921.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/weather/wfujiwha.htm |title=Fujiwhara effect describes a stormy waltz |accessdate=2008-02-21 |work=[[USA Today]] |publisher= |date=July 5, 2026}}</ref> ;[[Jet stream]] : Jet streams were first discovered by Japanese meteorologist [[Wasaburo Oishi]] by tracking [[ceiling balloon]]s. However, Oishi's work largely went unnoticed outside Japan because it was published in Esperanto.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lewis | first1 = John M. | year = 2003 | title = Oishi's Observation: Viewed in the Context of Jet Stream Discovery | url = http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/BAMS-84-3-357 | journal = Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society | volume = 84 | issue = | pages = 357–369 | doi=10.1175/BAMS-84-3-357}}</ref><ref>Ooishi, W. (1926) ''Raporto de la Aerologia Observatorio de Tateno'' (in Esperanto). Aerological Observatory Report 1, Central Meteorological Observatory, Japan, 213 pages.</ref> ;[[Microburst]] : The microburst was first discovered and identified as a small scale [[downburst]] affecting an area 4 km (2.5 mi) in diameter or less by [[Ted Fujita]] in 1974. Microbursts are recognized as capable of generating wind speeds higher than 270 km/h (170 mph). In addition, Fujita also discovered [[macroburst]]s and classified them as downbursts larger than 4 km (2.5 mi).<ref name="Brittanica T. Theodore Fujita" /> ===Biology, biomedical science, chemistry=== [[File:Image from "Surgical Casebook" by Hanaoka Seishu.jpg|thumb|Image from "Surgical Casebook" (''Kishitsu geryō zukan'') by Hanaoka Seishu]] ;[[Agar]] : Agar was discovered in Japan around 1658 by Mino Tarōzaemon.<ref>{{cite book |url= http://www.bd.com/ds/technicalCenter/misc/difcobblmanual_2nded_lowres.pdf |title = Difco & BBL Manual |edition=2nd |editors= Mary Jo Zimbro, David A. Power, Sharon M. Miller, George E. Wilson, Julie A. Johnson |page=6 |publisher= Becton Dickinson and Company }}</ref> ;[[Antibody]] diversity [[genetics]] : In a landmark series of experiments beginning in 1976, [[Susumu Tonegawa]] showed that [[genetic]] material can rearrange itself to form the vast array of available antibodies.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hozumi N, Tonegawa S |title=Evidence for somatic rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes coding for variable and constant regions |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=3628–3632 |year=1976 |pmid=824647 |pmc=431171 |doi=10.1073/pnas.73.10.3628}}</ref> He later received the 1987 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of [[antibody]] diversity."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1987/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=19 December 2009}}</ref> ;[[Aspergillus oryzae#Genome|Aspergillus oryzae]] : The [[genome]] for ''[[Aspergillus oryzae]]'' was sequenced and released by a consortium of Japanese biotechnology companies,<ref>{{cite journal | last = Goffeau | first = André |date=December 2005 | title = Multiple moulds | journal = Nature | volume = 438 | issue = 7071 | pages =1092–1093 | doi = 10.1038/4381092b | pmid = 16371993 | url = | quote = }}</ref> in late 2005.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Machida | first = Masayuki et al. | authorlink = | coauthors = |date=December 2005 | title = Genome sequencing and analysis of ''Aspergillus oryzae'' | journal = Nature | volume = 438 | issue = 7071 | pages =1157–1161 | doi = 10.1038/nature04300 | pmid = 16372010 | url = | quote = | last2 = Asai | first2 = K | last3 = Sano | first3 = M | last4 = Tanaka | first4 = T | last5 = Kumagai | first5 = T | last6 = Terai | first6 = G | last7 = Kusumoto | first7 = K | last8 = Arima | first8 = T | last9 = Akita | first9 = O| displayauthors = 8 }}</ref> ;[[Asymmetric hydrogenation|Chirally catalyzed hydrogenations]] : [[Ryōji Noyori]] was awarded the 2001 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for his "work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=19 December 2009}}</ref> in 1968.<ref>http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/noyori-facts.html</ref> ;[[Conductive polymer]] : [[Hideki Shirakawa]] was awarded the 2000 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] "for the discovery and development of conductive [[polymer]]s".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=19 December 2009}}</ref> ;[[Ephedrine|Ephedrine synthesis]] :Ephedrine in its natural form, known as [[Ephedra (plant)|''má huáng'']] (麻黄) in [[traditional Chinese medicine]], had been documented in China since the [[Han dynasty]].<ref name="principles">{{cite book|author=Woodburne O. Levy|author2=Kavita Kalidas|editor=Norman S. Miller|title=Principles of Addictions and the Law: Applications in Forensic, Mental Health, and Medical Practice|date=26 February 2010|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-496736-6|pages=307–308}}</ref> However, it was not until 1885 that the chemical synthesis of ephedrine was first accomplished by Japanese [[organic chemist]] [[Nagai Nagayoshi]]. ;[[Epinephrine|Epinephrine (Adrenaline)]] : Japanese chemist [[Jokichi Takamine]] and his assistant Keizo Uenaka first discovered epinephrine in 1900.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yamashima T |title=Jokichi Takamine (1854–1922), the samurai chemist, and his work on adrenalin |journal=J Med Biogr |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=95–102 |year=2003 |pmid=12717538}}</ref><ref name="pmid10454061">{{cite journal |author=Bennett M |title=One hundred years of adrenaline: the discovery of autoreceptors |journal=Clin Auton Res |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=145–59 |year=1999 |pmid=10454061 |doi=10.1007/BF02281628}}</ref> In 1901 Takamine successfully isolated and purified the hormone from the adrenal glands of sheep and oxen.<ref>{{cite book |author=Takamine J |title=The isolation of the active principle of the suprarenal gland |work=The Journal of Physiology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Great Britain |year=1901 |pages=xxix-xxx |url=https://books.google.com/?id=xVEq06Ym6qcC&pg=RA1-PR29#PRA1-PR29,M1 |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> ;[[Esophagogastroduodenoscopy|Esophagogastroduodenoscope]] : [[Mutsuo Sugiura]] was a Japanese engineer famous for being the first to develop a Gastro-camera (a present-day Esophagogastroduodenoscope). His story was illustrated in the NHK TV documentary feature, "Project X: Challengers: The Development of a Gastro-camera Wholly Made in Japan". Sugiura graduated from Tokyo Polytechnic University in 1938 and then joined Olympus Corporation. While working at this company, he first developed an esophagogastroduodenoscope in 1950. ;[[Frontier molecular orbital theory]] and [[HOMO/LUMO]] : In 1952, [[Kenichi Fukui]] published a paper in the ''Journal of Chemical Physics'' titled "A molecular theory of reactivity in aromatic hydrocarbons."<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1063/1.1700523|title=A Molecular Orbital Theory of Reactivity in Aromatic Hydrocarbons|year=1952|last1=Fukui|first1=Kenichi|last2=Yonezawa|first2=Teijiro|last3=Shingu|first3=Haruo|journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics|volume=20|issue=4|pages=722|bibcode = 1952JChPh..20..722F }}</ref> He later received the 1981 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for his investigations into the mechanisms of [[chemical reaction]]s, with his prize-winning work focused on the role of [[Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory|frontier orbitals]] in chemical reactions, specifically that [[molecule]]s share loosely bonded [[electron]]s which occupy the frontier orbitals, that is the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital ([[HOMO]]) and the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital ([[LUMO]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fukui|first=|authorlink=|date=November 1982|title=Role of Frontier Orbitals in Chemical Reactions|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=218|issue=4574|pages=747–754| publisher = | location = | pmid = 17771019|doi = 10.1126/science.218.4574.747| bibcode = 1982Sci...218..747F| oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =|first1=K }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Fukui | first1 = K. | last2 = Yonezawa | first2 = T. | last3 = Shingu | first3 = H. | doi = 10.1063/1.1700523 | title = A Molecular Orbital Theory of Reactivity in Aromatic Hydrocarbons | journal = The Journal of Chemical Physics | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | page = 722 | year = 1952 | pmid = | pmc = |bibcode = 1952JChPh..20..722F }}</ref><ref>Bell J, Johnstone B, Nakaki S: The new face of Japanese science. ''New Scientist'', March 21, 1985, p. 31.</ref><ref>Sri Kantha S: Kenichi Fukui. In, ''Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists'', edited by Richard Olson, Marshall Cavendish Corp, New York, 1998, pp. 456–458.</ref><ref>''The Chemical Intelligencer'' 1995, 1(2), 14-18, Springer-Verlag, New York, Inc.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jce.divched.org/JCEWWW/Features/eChemists/document.php?chemid=7 |title=Biographical Snapshots | Chemical Education Xchange |publisher=Jce.divched.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1981/fukui-autobio.html |title=Kenichi Fukui - Biographical |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-09}}</ref> ;[[General anesthesia]] : [[Hanaoka Seishū]] was the first surgeon in the world who used the general anaesthesia in surgery, in 1804, and who dared to operate on cancers of the breast and oropharynx, to remove necrotic bone, and to perform amputations of the extremities in Japan.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 13304528 | pmc=199999 | volume=44 | title=A galaxy of old Japanese medical books with miscellaneous notes on early medicine in Japan. III. Urology, syphilology and dermatology; surgery and pathology | date=April 1956 | journal=Bull Med Libr Assoc | pages=125–59 | last1 = Mestler | first1 = GE}}</ref> ;[[Green fluorescent protein]] (GFP) : In the 1960s and 1970s, GFP, along with the separate luminescent protein [[aequorin]] (an [[enzyme]] that catalyzes the breakdown of [[luciferin]], releasing light), was first purified from ''Aequorea victoria'' and its properties studied by [[Osamu Shimomura]].<ref name=Shimomura_1962>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shimomura O, Johnson FH, Saiga Y | title = Extraction, purification and properties of aequorin, a bioluminescent protein from the luminous hydromedusan, Aequorea | journal = Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology | volume = 59 | issue = 3 | pages = 223–39 | date = Jun 1962 | pmid = 13911999 | doi = 10.1002/jcp.1030590302 }}</ref> He was awarded the 2008 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=24 August 2015}}</ref> ;[[Immunoglobulin E|Immunoglobulin E (IgE)]] : Immunoglobulin E is a type of [[antibody]] only found in [[mammals]]. IgE was simultaneously discovered in 1966-7 by two independent groups:<ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb00687.x/pdf The discovery of IgE], Stanworth DR. ''Allergy'' 1993: 48: 67-71</ref> [[Kimishige Ishizaka]]'s team at the Children's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital in [[Denver]], [[Colorado]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ishizaka K, Ishizaka T, Hornbrook MM | title = Physico-chemical properties of human reaginic antibody. IV. Presence of a unique immunoglobulin as a carrier of reaginic activity | journal = J. Immunol. | volume = 97 | issue = 1 | pages = 75–85 | year = 1966 | pmid = 4162440 }}</ref> and by [[Gunnar Johansson (biochemist)|Gunnar Johansson]] and Hans Bennich in [[Uppsala]], [[Sweden]].<ref>Johansson SG, Bennich H. Immunological studies of an atypical (myeloma) immunoglobulin. Immunology 1967; 13:381-94.</ref> Their joint paper was published in April 1969.<ref name="Joint paper 1969">{{cite journal |title=Histamine Release from Human Leukocytes by Anti-λE Antibodies |journal=Journal of Immunology |date=April 1, 1969 |last=Ishizaka, |first=Teruko |last2=Ishizaka |first2=Kimishige |last3=Johansson |first3=S. Gunnar O. |last4=Bennich |first4=Hans |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=884–892 |url=http://www.jimmunol.org/content/102/4/884.abstract |accessdate=2016-02-29 }}</ref> ;[[Induced pluripotent stem cell]] ;[[Methamphetamine]] [[File:N-Methylamphetamin.svg|Chemical structure of [[methamphetamine]].|thumb|right]] : Methamphetamine was first synthesized from [[ephedrine]] in Japan in 1894 by chemist [[Nagayoshi Nagai]].<ref>{{cite journal|author =Nagai N.|title = Kanyaku maou seibun kenkyuu seiseki (zoku)|journal= Yakugaku Zasshi |year=1893|volume= 13|page= 901}}</ref> n 1919, methamphetamine hydrochloride was synthesized by pharmacologist [[Akira Ogata]].<ref name="history of methamphetamine">{{cite web|url=http://healthvermont.gov/adap/meth/brief_history.aspx |title=Historical overview of methamphetamine|publisher= Vermont Department of Health |accessdate=January 2012}}</ref> ;[[Okazaki fragment]] : Okazaki fragments are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the [[replication fork|lagging template strand]] during [[DNA replication]]. They are complementary to the lagging template strand, together forming short double-stranded DNA sections. A series of experiments led to the discovery of Okazaki fragments. The experiments were conducted during the 1960s by [[Reiji Okazaki]], [[Tsuneko Okazaki]], Kiwako Sakabe, and their colleagues during their research on [[DNA replication]] of ''[[Escherichia coli]]''.<ref name="pmid5337977">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sakabe K, Okazaki R |title=A unique property of the replicating region of chromosomal DNA |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta |volume=129 |issue=3 |pages=651–54 |date=December 1966 |pmid=5337977 |doi= 10.1016/0005-2787(66)90088-8|url=}}</ref> In 1966, Kiwako Sakabe and [[Reiji Okazaki]] first showed that DNA replication was a discontinuous process involving fragments.<ref name="A Journey Through Genetics, Part I">{{cite book|last1=Moitra|first1=Karobi|title=A Journey Through Genetics, Part I|publisher=Biota Publishing|page=49}}</ref> The fragments were further investigated by the researchers and their colleagues through their research including the study on [[bacteriophage]] [[DNA replication]] in ''[[Escherichia coli]]''.<ref name="pmid4861623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Okazaki R, Okazaki T, Sakabe K, Sugimoto K |title=Mechanism of DNA replication possible discontinuity of DNA chain growth |journal=Japanese Journal of Medical Science & Biology |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=255–60 |date=June 1967 |pmid=4861623 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref> An American scientist by the last name Shandel discovered this mechanism prior to Okazaki, but he was never credited with the discovery since the head of his research team decided the discovery was an erroneous interpretation of test results.</ref><ref name="pmid6250445">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ogawa T, Okazaki T |title=Discontinuous DNA replication |journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry |volume=49 |issue= |pages=421–57 |year=1980 |pmid=6250445 |doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.49.070180.002225 |url=http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.bi.49.070180.002225?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed}}</ref> ;[[Photocatalysis]] : [[Akira Fujishima]] discovered photocatalysis occurring on the surface of titanium dioxide in 1967.<ref name=fujishima>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050608091634/http://www.nanonet.go.jp/english/mailmag/2005/044a.html "Discovery and applications of photocatalysis — Creating a comfortable future by making use of light energy"]. ''Japan Nanonet Bulletin'' Issue 44, 12 May 2005.</ref> ;[[Electrocardiograph|Portable electrocardiograph]] :[[Taro Takemi]] built the first portable electrocardiograph in 1937.<ref name="hsph.harvard.edu">Takemi Program in International Health Dr. Taro Takemi [http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/research/takemi/about-the-program/dr-taro-takemi/index.html]</ref> ;[[Soft laser desorption]], and [[Mass spectrometry|mass spectrometric]] analysis of [[biological macromolecule]] : [[Koichi Tanaka]] was awarded the 2003 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules" and for the "development of soft desorption [[ionisation]] methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=19 December 2009}}</ref> In 1987, he demonstrated that [[laser pulse]]s could blast apart large [[protein]] molecules so that [[ion]]s in gaseous form are produced.<ref>http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/tanaka-facts.html</ref> ;[[Statin]] : The statin class of drugs was first discovered by [[Akira Endo (biochemist)|Akira Endo]], a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company [[Daiichi Sankyo|Sankyo]]. [[Mevastatin]] was the first discovered member of the statin class.<ref name="Statin discovery">{{cite journal|last1=Endo|first1=Akira|editor1-last=BEPPU|editor1-first=Teruhiko|title=A historical perspective on the discovery of statins|journal=Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B|date=11 May 2010|volume= 86 |issue=5 |doi=10.2183/pjab.86.484|pmc=3108295|language=English|pmid=20467214|pages=484–493}}</ref> ;[[Takadiastase]] : A form of diastase which results from the growth, development and nutrition of a distinct microscopic fungus known as Aspergillus oryzae. [[Jokichi Takamine]] developed the method first used for its extraction in the late 19th century.<ref name="Pulvers">Pulvers, Roger, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20090628rp.html Jokichi Takamine: a man with fire in his belly whatever the odds]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', June 28, 2009, p. 8.</ref> ;[[Thiamine|Thiamine (Vitamin B<sub>1</sub>)]] : Thiamine was the first of the water-soluble [[vitamin]]s to be described,<ref name="Mahan">Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S, editors. ''Krause's food, nutrition, & diet therapy''. 10th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2000</ref> leading to the discovery of more such trace compounds essential for survival and to the notion of vitamin. It was not until 1884 that [[Kanehiro Takaki]] (1849-1920) attributed [[beriberi]] to insufficient [[nitrogen]] intake ([[protein deficiency]]). In 1910, Japanese scientist [[Umetaro Suzuki]] succeeded in extracting a water-soluble complex of [[micronutrient]]s from rice bran and named it [[aberic acid]]. He published this discovery in a Japanese scientific journal.<ref>[http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/english/jnlabstract_en.php?cdjournal=nikkashi1880&cdvol=32&noissue=1&startpage=4 Tokyo Kagaku Kaishi (1911)]</ref> The Polish biochemist [[Kazimierz Funk]] later proposed the complex be named "[[Vitamin]]e" (a [[portmanteau]] of "vital amine") in 1912.<ref>Funk, C. and H. E. Dubin. The Vitamines. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Company, 1922.</ref> ;[[Dental caries|Tooth patch]] : Scientists in Japan have created a microscopically thin film that can coat individual teeth to prevent decay or to make them appear whiter, the chief researcher said. The “tooth patch” is a hard-wearing and ultra-flexible material made from hydroxyapatite, the main mineral in tooth enamel, that could also mean an end to sensitive teeth. “This is the world’s first flexible apatite sheet, which we hope to use to protect teeth or repair damaged enamel,” said Shigeki Hontsu, professor at Kinki University’s Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology in western Japan.<ref>[http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2012/09/16/japanese-invention-could-end-tooth-decay/ Japanese invention could end tooth decay]. The Raw Story (2012-09-16). Retrieved on 2014-04-18.</ref> ;[[Urushiol]] : Urushiol, a mixture of alkyl catechols, was discovered by Rikou Majima. He also discovered that Urushiol was an [[allergen]] which gave members of the [[Toxicodendron]] genus, such as [[Poison Ivy]] and [[Poison Oak]], their skin-irritating properties.<ref name="Boyd">{{cite web|last1=Boyd|first1=Jane E.|last2=Rucker|first2=Joseph|title=No Ill Nature: The Surprising History and Science of Poison Ivy and Its Relatives|url=https://www.chemheritage.org/distillations/magazine/no-ill-nature-the-surprising-history-and-science-of-poison-ivy-and-its|website=Chemical Heritage Foundation|accessdate=5 December 2016}}</ref> ;[[Vectorcardiography]] : [[Taro Takemi]] invented vectorcardiograph in 1939.<ref name="hsph.harvard.edu"/> ===Food science=== [[File:Instantnoodles.jpg|thumb|right|[[Instant noodles]] before boiling.]] ;[[Instant noodle]] : Invented by [[Momofuku Ando]] in 1958.<ref>"Meet Momofuku Ando, inventor of Ramen Noodles"</ref> ;[[Monosodium glutamate]] : Invented and [[patent]]ed by [[Kikunae Ikeda]].<ref>[http://www.jpo.go.jp/seido_e/rekishi_e/kikunae_ikeda.htm History of Property Rights - Ikeda, Kikunae]</ref> ;[[Umami]] : Umami as a separate [[taste]] was first identified in 1908 by [[Kikunae Ikeda]] of the Tokyo Imperial University while researching the strong flavor in seaweed broth.<ref name=ikeda02>{{cite journal |author=Ikeda K |title=New seasonings |journal=[[Chem. Senses]] |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=847–9 |date=November 2002 |pmid=12438213 |doi= 10.1093/chemse/27.9.847|url=http://chemse.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12438213}} (partial translation of {{cite journal | last=Ikeda | first=Kikunae | title=New Seasonings[japan.] | journal=Journal of the Chemical Society of Tokyo | year= 1909 | volume=30 | pages= 820–836}})</ref> ===Mathematics=== {{see also|Japanese mathematics}} [[File:Seki Kowa Katsuyo Sampo Bernoulli numbers.png|thumb|right|180px|A page from Seki Kōwa's ''Katsuyo Sampo'' (1712), tabulating binomial coefficients and Bernoulli numbers]] ;[[Bernoulli number]] : Studied by [[Seki Kōwa]] and published after his death, in 1712. [[Jacob Bernoulli]] independently developed the concept in the same period, though his work was published a year later.<ref name="selin 1997">[[Helaine Selin|Selin, Helaine]]. (1997), ''An Introduction to the History of Mathematics''. Saunders College Publishing. p. 891, ISBN 0-03-029558-0</ref><ref name="poole 2005">Poole, David. (2005), ''Linear algebra: a modern introductio''. p. 279, ISBN 0-534-99845-3 .</ref><ref name="styan trenkler">Styan, George P. H.; Trenkler, Götz. (2007), [http://hindawi.com/GetPDF.aspx?doi=10.1155/2007/13749 . Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences], 2007, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, pp. 2</ref> ;[[Two-element Boolean algebra|Two-valued Boolean algebra]] : In the 1930s, while studying [[switching circuit]]s, [[NEC]] engineer Akira Nakashima independently discovered [[Boolean algebra]], which he was unaware of until 1938. In a series of papers published from 1934 to 1936, he formulated a two-valued Boolean algebra as a way to analyze and design circuits by algebraic means in terms of [[logic gate]]s.<ref name="historical"/><ref name="nakashima"/> ;[[Determinant]] : In Japan, determinants were introduced to study [[Elimination theory|elimination of variables]] in systems of higher-order algebraic equations. They used it to give shorthand representation for the [[resultant]]. The determinant as an independent function was first studied by [[Seki Kōwa]] in 1683.<ref name="styan trenkler"/><ref name = "Eves"/> ;[[Elimination theory]] : In 1683 (''Kai-Fukudai-no-Hō''), [[Seki Kōwa]] came up with elimination theory, based on [[resultant]].<ref name = "Eves"/> To express resultant, he developed the notion of [[determinant]].<ref name = "Eves">[[Howard Eves]]: "''An Introduction to the History of Mathematics''", page 405, Saunders College Publishing, 1990. (ISBN 0-03-029558-0)</ref> ;[[Hironaka's example]] : Hironaka's example is a non-Kähler complex manifold that is a [[Deformation theory|deformation]] of [[Kähler manifold]]s discovered by [[Heisuke Hironaka]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hironaka|first1=Heisuke|title=An example of a non-Kählerian complex-analytic deformation of Kählerian complex structures.|journal=Ann. of Math. (2)|date=1962|volume=75|pages=190–208|jstor=1970426|doi=10.2307/1970426}}</ref> ;[[Itô calculus]] : Developed by [[Kiyosi Itô]] throughout the 20th century, Itô calculus extends calculus to [[stochastic process]]es such as [[Brownian motion]] ([[Wiener process]]). Its basic concept is the [[Itô integral]], and among the most important results is a change of variable formula known as [[Itô's lemma]]. Itô calculus is widely applied in various fields, but is perhaps best known for its use in [[mathematical finance]].<ref>[http://www.kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~kenkyubu/past-director/ito/ito-kiyosi-bibl.html Bibliography of Kiyosi Itô]</ref> ;[[Iwasawa theory]] and the [[Main conjecture of Iwasawa theory]] : Initially created by [[Kenkichi Iwasawa]], Iwasawa theory was originally developed as a [[Galois module]] theory of [[ideal class group]]s. The main conjecture of Iwasawa theory is a deep relationship between [[p-adic L-function|''p''-adic ''L''-functions]] and [[ideal class group]]s of [[cyclotomic field]]s, proved by {{harvtxt|Iwasawa|1969}} for primes satisfying the [[Kummer–Vandiver conjecture]] and proved for all primes by {{harvs|txt|last1=Mazur|last2=Wiles|year=1984}}.<ref>http://www.math.clemson.edu/~jimlb/CourseNotes/iwasawa.pdf</ref> ;[[Resultant]] : In 1683 (''Kai-Fukudai-no-Hō''), [[Seki Kōwa]] came up with [[elimination theory]], based on resultant. To express resultant, he developed the notion of [[determinant]].<ref name="Eves"/> ;[[Sangaku]] : Japanese geometrical puzzles in [[Euclidean geometry]] on wooden tablets created during the [[Edo period]] (1603–1867) by members of all social classes. The Dutch Japanologist [[Isaac Titsingh]] first introduced ''sangaku'' to the West when he returned to Europe in the late 1790s after more than twenty years in the Far East.<ref>Association of American Geographers (1911). [https://books.google.com/books?id=GR4aAAAAMAAJ&q=isaac+titsingh&dq=isaac+titsingh&ie=ISO-8859-1&pgis=1 ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers''], Vol. I, p. 35</ref> ;[[Soddy's hexlet]] : Irisawa Shintarō Hiroatsu analyzed Soddy's hexlet in a [[Sangaku]] in 1822 and was the first person to do so.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rothman|1998}}</ref> ;[[Takagi existence theorem]] : Takagi existence theorem was developed by [[Teiji Takagi]] in isolation during [[World War I]]. He presented it at the [[International Congress of Mathematicians]] in 1920.<ref>{{cite web|title=Teiji Takagi|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Takagi.html|website=MacTutor History of Mathematics archive|accessdate=5 July 2016}}</ref> ===Physics=== ; [[Bottom quark]] : The bottom [[quark]] is a product in almost all [[top quark]] decays, and is a frequent decay product for the [[Higgs boson]]. The bottom quark was theorized in 1973 by physicists [[Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)|Makoto Kobayashi]] and [[Toshihide Maskawa]] to explain [[CP violation]].<ref name="KM">{{cite journal|author1=M. Kobayashi |author2=T. Maskawa |title=CP-Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction |url=http://ptp.ipap.jp/link?PTP/49/652/pdf |journal=[[Progress of Theoretical Physics]] |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=652–657 |year=1973 |doi=10.1143/PTP.49.652 |bibcode=1973PThPh..49..652K |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224002548/http://ptp.ipap.jp/link?PTP%2F49%2F652%2Fpdf |archivedate=2008-12-24 |df= }}</ref> ; [[Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix]] : Toshihide Maskawa and Makoto Kobayashi's 1973 article, "CP Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction",<ref>{{cite journal |author=M. Kobayashi, T. Maskawa |title=CP-Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction |journal=[[Progress of Theoretical Physics]] |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=652–657 |year=1973 |doi=10.1143/PTP.49.652|bibcode = 1973PThPh..49..652K }}</ref> is the fourth most cited high energy physics paper of all time as of 2010.<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |url=http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/topcites/2010/alltime.shtml |title=Top Cited Articles of All Time (2010 edition) |publisher=[[SLAC]] |accessdate=2014-06-21}}</ref> The Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix, which defines the [[Cabbibo angle|mixing parameters]] between [[quark]]s, was the result of this work. Kobayashi and Maskawa were awarded the 2008 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] "for the discovery of the origin of the [[Spontaneous symmetry breaking|broken symmetry]] which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature."<ref name="nobelcitation">{{citation | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2008/index.html | publisher = [[The Nobel Foundation]] | accessdate = 2009-10-17}}</ref> ; [[Neutrino#Cosmic neutrinos|Cosmic neutrino]], [[solar neutrino]], [[neutrino astronomy]] : [[Masatoshi Koshiba]] was awarded the 2002 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] "for pioneering contributions to [[astrophysics]], in particular for the detection of cosmic [[neutrino]]s"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2002/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=19 December 2009}}</ref> in the 1980s. He conducted pioneering work on solar neutrino detection, and Koshiba's work also resulted in the first real-time observation of neutrinos from the [[SN 1987A]] [[supernova]]. These efforts marked the beginning of neutrino astronomy.<ref name= "Pagliaroli2009">{{cite journal|bibcode=2009APh....31..163P|title=Improved analysis of SN1987A antineutrino events|journal=Astroparticle Physics|volume=31|issue=3|pages=163–176|author1=Pagliaroli|first1=G.|last2=Vissani|first2=F.|last3=Costantini|first3=M. L.|last4=Ianni|first4=A.|year=2009|doi=10.1016/j.astropartphys.2008.12.010|arxiv = 0810.0466 }}</ref> ; [[Electron tunneling]] ([[quantum tunnelling]]) : [[Leo Esaki]] was awarded the 1973 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]<ref>Esaki, Leo, "Long Journey into Tunneling," [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1973/esaki-lecture.html Nobel Lecture], December 12, 1973.</ref> for the discovery of electron tunneling in the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite journal| first1 = L.| title = New Phenomenon in Narrow Germanium p-n Junctions| last1 = Esaki| journal = Physical Review| volume = 109| issue = 2| pages = 603| year = 1958 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.109.603|bibcode = 1958PhRv..109..603E }}</ref> ; [[Explicit symmetry breaking]] : [[Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)|Makoto Kobayashi]] and [[Toshihide Maskawa]] were awarded the 2008 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for discovering the origin of the [[Explicit symmetry breaking|explicit breaking]] of [[CP symmetry]] in the [[weak interaction]]s. They were awarded "for the discovery of the origin of the [[Spontaneous symmetry breaking|broken symmetry]] which predicts the existence of at least three families of [[quark]]s in nature".<ref>{{cite web|author=The Nobel Foundation|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2008/index.html|work=nobelprize.org|accessdate=January 15, 2008}}</ref> ; [[Meson]] : [[Hideki Yukawa]] predicted the existence of mesons in 1934, for which he later received the 1949 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]].<ref>The Noble Foundation (1949) [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1949/press.html Nobel Prize in Physics 1949 – Presentation Speech]</ref> ; [[Hantaro Nagaoka#Saturnian model of the atom|Nagaoka model]] (first Saturnian model of the atom) : In 1904, Hantaro Nagaoka proposed the first planetary model of the atom as an alternative to [[J. J. Thomson]]'s [[plum pudding model]]. [[Ernest Rutherford]] and [[Niels Bohr]] would later develop the more viable [[Bohr model]] in 1913.<ref> {{cite book |author=B. Bryson |title=[[A Short History of Nearly Everything]] |publisher=[[Broadway Books]] |year=2003 |isbn=0-7679-0817-1 |authorlink=Bill Bryson }}</ref> ; [[Quantum electrodynamics]] : [[Shin'ichirō Tomonaga]] was awarded the 1965 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his "fundamental work in [[Quantum mechanics|quantum]] [[electrodynamics]], with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of [[elementary particle]]s".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1965/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=19 December 2009}}</ref> ; [[Spontaneous symmetry breaking]] and [[chiral symmetry breaking]] : [[Yoichiro Nambu]] was awarded the 2008 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his 1960 discovery of the mechanism of [[Spontaneous symmetry breaking|spontaneous broken symmetry]] in [[subatomic]] physics, related at first to the [[strong interaction]]'s [[chiral symmetry]] and later to the [[electroweak interaction]] and [[Higgs mechanism]].<ref name="Nobel">{{cite web |last=Nambu |first=Yoichiro |date=2008 |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2008/nambu.html |title= Les Prix Nobel – The Nobel Prizes 2008 |editor=Karl Grandin |publisher=[[The Nobel Foundation]] |location=Stockholm |accessdate=19 July 2015 |archivedate=11 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011220229/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2008/nambu-bio.html }}</ref> ==Technology== {{see also|Science and technology in Japan}} ;[[Airsoft]] : Airsoft originated in Japan, then spread to Hong Kong and China in the late 1970s.<ref>Airsoft originated in Japan,[1] then spread to Hong Kong and China in the late 1970s.</ref> The inventor of the first airsoft gun is Tanio Kobayashi. ;[[Power loom|Automatic power loom]] : [[Sakichi Toyoda]] invented numerous [[weaving]] devices. His most famous invention was the automatic power loom in which he implemented the principle of ''Jidoka'' ([[autonomation]] or [[autonomous automation]]). It was the 1924 Toyoda Automatic Loom, Type G, a completely automatic high-speed loom featuring the ability to change shuttles without stopping and dozens of other innovations. At the time it was the world's most advanced loom, delivering a dramatic improvement in quality and a twenty-fold increase in productivity.<ref name=Toyoda>{{cite web|title=Non-Stop Shuttle Change Toyoda Automatic Loom, Type G|url=http://www.jsme.or.jp/kikaiisan/data/no_016.html|publisher=The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers|language=Japanese}}</ref> ;[[Japanese typewriter]] : The first [[typewriter]] to be based on the [[Japanese writing system]] was invented by [[Kyota Sugimoto]] in 1929.<ref>[http://www.jpo.go.jp/index.htm Japan Patent Office], ''[http://www.jpo.go.jp/seido_e/rekishi_e/kyota_sugimoto.htm Kyota Sugimoto (Japanese Typewriter)]'', 28 January 2009.</ref> ;[[KS steel]] : Magnetic resistant steel that is three times more resistant than tungsten steel, invented by [[Kotaro Honda]].<ref>Magnetic properties of matter / Kotaro Honda (1928)</ref> ;[[MKM steel]] : MKM steel, an alloy containing nickel and aluminum, was developed in 1931 by the Japanese metallurgist [[Tokuhichi Mishima]].<ref>http://www.jpo.go.jp/seido_e/rekishi_e/tokushi_mishima.htm http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2027997.pdf</ref> ;[[Neodymium magnet]] : Neodymium magnets were invented independently in 1982 by [[General Motors]] (GM) and [[Sumitomo Metal Industries|Sumitomo Special Metals]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Neodymium magnets|url=http://www.borates.eu/boron-usage/neodymium-magnets/|website=Borates|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref> It is the most widely used type of [[rare-earth magnet]].<ref>{{cite web|title = What is a Strong Magnet?| work = The Magnetic Matters Blog| publisher = Adams Magnetic Products| date = October 5, 2012|url = http://www.adamsmagnetic.com/blogs/2012/what-is-a-strong-magnet/| accessdate = October 12, 2012}}</ref> [[File:QR code for mobile English Wikipedia.svg|thumb|QR code for the [[URL]] of the English Wikipedia Mobile main page]] ;[[QR code]] : The QR code, a type of [[matrix barcode]], was invented by [[Denso#Denso Wave|Denso Wave]] in 1994.<ref name=QRCodefeatures>{{cite web |url=http://www.qrcode.com/en/qrfeature.html |title=QR Code features |publisher=Denso-Wave |accessdate=3 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129064920/http://www.qrcode.com/en/qrfeature.html |archivedate=2013-01-29}}</ref> ;[[Tactile paving]] : The original tactile paving was developed by Seiichi Miyake in 1965.<ref>R Sakaguchi, S Takasu, T Akiyama. (2000 (acc. January 27, 2014)). "Study concerning the colors of tactile blocks for the visually handicapped -- Visibility for the visually handicapped and scenic congruence for those with ordinary sight and vision.". SEPT.</ref> The paving was first introduced in a street in Okayama city, Japan, in 1967. Its use gradually spread in Japan and then around the world. ;[[Telephony]] [[experiment]] : In 1876, two Japanese students, Shuji Izawa and [[Kentaro Kaneko]], participated in [[Alexander Graham Bell]]'s experiments with early telephony,<ref>[http://tcm.computerhistory.org/reports/TCMReportFall-Winter1985.pdf#page=5 ''The Computer Museum Report'', Volume 14, Fall/Winter 1985, page 3], [[The Computer Museum, Boston]]</ref> immediately after Bell invented the [[telephone]].<ref name="bell">[http://park.org/Japan/NTT/DM-/html_ht/KA001500_e.html Japanese paying a visit to Graham Bell], NTT Digital Museum, [[NTT]]</ref> According to Bell, this made [[Japanese language|Japanese]] the second language spoken through a telephone, after [[English language|English]].<ref name="bell"/> ;[[Vinylon]] : The second man-made fiber to be invented, after [[nylon]]. It was first developed by Ichiro Sakurada, H. Kawakami, and Korean scientist [[Ri Sung-gi]] at the Takatsuki chemical research center in 1939 in Japan.<ref>James E. Hoare. Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Scarecrow Press, 2012</ref><ref>Patent no. 147,958, February 20, 1941, [[Ichiro Sakurada]], Yi Sung-ki [Lee. S. or Ri. Sung.Gi. and [[Hiroshi Kawakami]], issued to Institute of Japan Chemical Fiber.</ref> ===Audio technology=== [[Image:Firstman SQ-01.png|thumb|Firstman SQ-01, [[bass synthesizer]] with [[music sequencer]] (1980)]] ;[[Bass synthesizer]]-[[Music sequencer|sequencer]] : The first bass [[synthesizer]] with a [[music sequencer]] was the Firstman SQ-01.<ref name=Keyboard1981a>{{cite magazine | title = Firstman SQ-01 Sequence Synthesizer from Multivox | url = http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qAXxQUswDhI/TxxAfn21f-I/AAAAAAAABA4/AlRNB_Yj0O4/s1600/firstman_sq01_jun01_pg23_ck.jpg | format = advertisement | magazine = [[Keyboard (magazine)|Contemporary Keyboard]] | volume = 7 | issue = June 1981 - November 1981 | page = 23}}</ref><ref name=Keyboard1981b>{{cite magazine | title = Multivox Firstman SQ-01 Sequencer | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=swA9AQAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Multivox+SQ-01 | department= Keyboard Report | magazine = Contemporary Keyboard | volume = 7 | issue = October 1981 | pages = 82, 88}} ("''Keyboard Report, Oct. '81''", according to the {{cite magazine |title = Vol.9, 1983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GUJAQAAMAAJ&q=Multivox+SQ-01 }}) </ref> It was originally released in 1980 by Hillwood/Firstman, a Japanese synthesizer company founded in 1972 by Kazuo Morioka (who later worked for [[Akai]] in the early 1980s), and was then released by [[Multivox]] for North America in 1981.<ref name="Synrise-Firstman">{{cite web|title=Firstman International |url=http://www.synrise.de/docs/types/f/firstman.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030420170643/http://www.synrise.de/docs/types/f/firstman.htm |archivedate=2003-04-20 |language=German |work=SYNRISE |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref name="jenkins">Mark Jenkins (2009), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iI77AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107 ''Analog Synthesizers'', pages 107-108], [[CRC Press]]</ref><ref name="sos-string"/> The first influential bass synthesizer was the [[Roland TB-303]], released in 1981, later becoming the basis of [[Acid house|acid]] [[house music]].<ref name="guardian">{{cite web|last=Vine|first=Richard|title=Tadao Kikumoto invents the Roland TB-303|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/15/tadao-kikumoto-roland|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=9 July 2011|date=15 June 2011}}</ref> ; [[Chorus pedal]] : In 1976, [[Roland Corporation|Roland]] subsidiary [[Boss Corporation]] released the CE-1 Chorus Ensemble, which was a stand-alone unit of the [[Chorus effect|chorus]]/[[vibrato]] circuit found in the [[Roland Jazz Chorus|Roland JC-120]] [[amplifier]].<ref>http://www.bossarea.com/other/ce1.asp</ref> The chorus circuit from the amp was put it into a [[stomp box]], making the CE-1 the first chorus pedal.<ref name="reverb">[https://reverb.com/uk/news/tribute-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-rolands-impact-on-music Tribute: Ikutaro Kakehashi and Roland's Impact on Music], [[Reverb.com]]</ref> The chorus pedal went on to become a standard [[effects unit]] among [[guitarist]]s.<ref name="delay"/> Boss [[effects unit]]s subsequently became the ''de facto'' standard of guitar effects for decades, with many guitarists relying on them for sonic experimentation.<ref name="reverb"/> ;[[Digital audio|Commercial digital recording]] : Commercial digital recording was pioneered in Japan by [[NHK]] and [[Nippon Columbia]], also known as [[Denon]], in the 1960s. The first commercial digital recordings were released in 1971.<ref name="Fine">{{cite journal |url=http://www.aes.org/aeshc/pdf/fine_dawn-of-digital.pdf |accessdate=2010-05-02 |journal=ARSC Journal |year=2008 |publisher=Ted P. Sheldon |editor=Barry R. Ashpole |first=Thomas |last=Fine |title=The Dawn of Commercial Digital Recording}}</ref> ;[[Compact Disc Digital Audio]] (CD-DA) : Also called [[Rainbow Books|Red Book]], CD-DA was the [[compact disc]] audio format introduced in 1980 by [[Sony]] and [[Philips]].<ref name="BBC">{{ cite web | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6950933.stm | title = How the CD was developed | publisher = BBC News | date = August 17, 2007 | accessdate = 2007-08-17 }}</ref> [[File:CDP101a.jpg|thumb|[[Sony CDP-101]] [[compact disc player]] (1982)]] ;[[Compact disc player]] : [[Sony]] released the world's first [[CD Player]], called the [[Sony CDP-101|CDP-101]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cedmagic.com/history/sony-cdp-101.html | title = CDP-101 The first Compact Disc Audio CD Player from 1982 | language = | accessdate = 2007-02-05 | year = 2007 }}</ref> in 1982, utilising a slide-out tray design for the [[Compact Disc]]. ;[[CV/Gate]] [[music sequencer]] : In 1977, [[Roland Corporation]] released the [[Roland MC-8 Microcomposer|MC-8 Microcomposer]], also called ''[[computer music]] composer'' by Roland. It was the first standalone, [[microprocessor]]-based, digital [[CV/Gate]] sequencer.<ref name="sos_roland">{{citation |last=Reid |first=Gordon |year=2004 |title=The History Of Roland Part 1: 1930–1978 |journal=[[Sound on Sound]] |issue=November |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov04/articles/roland.htm |accessdate=19 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Russ |first = Martin | year = 2008 | title = Sound Synthesis and Sampling | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_D2cTt5DPmEC&pg=PA346 | publisher = [[Focal Press]] | ISBN = 0240521056 | page = 346 | accessdate = 21 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="russ2012">{{cite book | last = Russ |first = Martin | year = 2012 | title = Sound Synthesis and Sampling | url = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X9h5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | ISBN = 1136122141 | page = 192 | accessdate = 26 April 2017}}</ref> [[File:Tr909.jpg|thumb|[[Roland TR-909]] digital-analog [[MIDI]] [[drum machine]] (1983)]] ;Digital-analog [[drum machine]] : While the [[Roland TR-808]] was fully [[analog synthesis]]-based, the [[Roland TR-909]], released in 1983, combined analogue synthesis with digital [[Sampling (music)|sampling]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/embed/pXsMvTSCkuY?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0 |title=How Roland Came Up With 909 Sounds |author= Roland Corp |date= January 20, 2014 |publisher= Roland |accessdate=20 January 2014}}</ref> Much like the TR-808's importance to [[hip hop music]], the TR-909 holds a similar important for [[electronic dance music]], such as [[techno]] and [[house music]].<ref>http://complex.com/music/2014/09/roland-tr-909-tracks/</ref><ref>http://mixmag.net/feature/909-tracks-using-the-tr-909</ref> ;[[Digital audio|Digital audio tape recorder]] : Heitaro Nakajima resigned from his post as head of NHK's Technical Research Laboratories and joined Sony. Four years earlier at NHK, Nakajima had commenced work on the digitization of sound and within two years had developed the first digital audio tape recorder<ref>[http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/SonyHistory/2-07.html Sony corporate info history]</ref> ;[[Digital Control Bus]] (DCB) and [[DIN sync]] : In 1980, [[Roland Corporation|Roland]] introduced the [[Digital Control Bus]] (DCB) [[communications protocol]], using the [[DIN sync]] interface to synchronize different [[electronic musical instrument]]s. It was introduced with the [[Roland TR-808]] in 1980, considered groundbreaking at the time, followed by other Roland equipment in 1981. It was the precursor to [[MIDI]], which adopted most of its features from the DCB protocol, including the same type of connectors as the DIN sync interface.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IbtJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT72&lpg=PT72&dq=%22mark+vail%22+808&source=bl&ots=dOOpEyQGfI&sig=nPF6yAIeQlupw3Pw0Drg6LE34r4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir3b7qhsfRAhUFJcAKHfSNCyMQ6AEIHzAB#v=onepage&q=%22mark%20vail%22%20808&f=false|title=Keyboard Presents the Evolution of Electronic Dance Music|last=Kirn|first=Peter|date=|publisher=Backbeat Books|year=2011|isbn=978-1-61713-446-3|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DB_Magazine_1982_07#page/n29/mode/2up ''db: The Sound Engineering Magazine'', July 1972, page 32]</ref> [[File:Boss-dd-3-digital-delay-306606.jpg|thumb|[[Boss Corporation]]'s [[Delay (audio effect)|DD-3 Digital Delay]] [[effects pedal]] (1986)]] ;Digital [[delay pedal]] : [[Boss Corporation]]'s DD-2 Digital Delay, released in 1983, was the world's first digital [[Delay (audio effect)|delay]] [[effects unit]] in [[stomp box]] form. It uses a custom [[integrated circuit]] (IC) chip that was originally developed for [[Roland Corporation]]'s SDE-3000 rack delay unit. It was succeeded by the DD-3 Digital Delay in 1986.<ref name="delay">[http://www.bossus.com/blog/2015/11/11/echoes-in-time-the-history-of-boss-delay-pedals/ Echoes in Time: The History of BOSS Delay Pedals], [[Boss Corporation]], November 2015</ref> ;Digital [[reverb]] [[effects pedal]] : [[Boss Corporation]]'s RV-2 Digital Reverb, released in 1987, the world’s first digital reverb pedal. It used a new custom [[Digital signal processor|DSP]] processor developed by Boss, originally for the RRV-10 Digital Reverb in the Micro Rack series.<ref name="delay"/> [[File:Yamaha DX7 Table 4.JPG|thumb|[[Yamaha DX7]] [[digital synthesizer]] (1983)]] ;[[Digital synthesizer]] : [[Yamaha]] built the first prototype digital synthesizer in 1974.<ref name=yamaha2014/> Released in 1979,<ref name="vail">Mark Vail, ''The Synthesizer: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding, Programming, Playing, and Recording the Ultimate Electronic Music Instrument'', page 277, [[Oxford University Press]]</ref> the [[Casio]] [[Casio VL-1|VL-1]] was the first commercial digital synthesizer,<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Zo0XAQAAIAAJ ''Impact of MIDI on electroacoustic art music'', Issue 102], page 26, [[Stanford University]]</ref> selling for $69.95.<ref name="vail"/> The mainstream breakthrough for digital synthesis came with the 1983 release of the [[Yamaha DX7]],<ref name="dean1">{{cite book|last=Dean|first=R. T.|title=The Oxford handbook of computer music|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-533161-3|page=1}}</ref> one of the best-selling [[synthesizer]]s of all time.<ref name=shepard2013>{{cite book | last = Shepard | first = Brian K. | title = Refining Sound: A Practical Guide to Synthesis and Synthesizers | publisher = Oxford University Press | publication-date = 2013 | isbn = 9780199376681 | quote = ''The first digital synthesizer to make it into the studios of everyone else, the Yamaha DX7, became one of the most commercially successful synthesizers of all time.''}}</ref><ref name="holmes_257">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCthQ-bec-QC&pg=PA257|title=Electronic and experimental music: technology, music, and culture|last=Holmes|first=Thom|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2008|isbn=0415957818|edition=3rd|page=257|chapter=Early Computer Music|accessdate=2011-06-04}}</ref> [[File:Technics SL-1200MK2-2.jpg|thumb|[[Technics SL-1200]] [[direct-drive turntable]] (1972)]] ;[[Direct-drive turntable]] : Invented by Shuichi Obata, an engineer at [[Panasonic|Matsushita]] (now [[Panasonic]]),<ref name="billboard">''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'', May 21, 1977, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT140 page 140]</ref> based in [[Osaka]], [[Japan]].<ref name="medium">Brian Coleman, [https://medium.com/@briancoleman/the-technics-1200-hammer-of-the-gods-xxl-fall-1998-5b93180a67da The Technics 1200 — Hammer Of The Gods], [[Medium (website)|Medium]]</ref> It eliminated the belts of older [[belt-drive turntable]]s, and instead employed a motor to directly drive a platter on which a vinyl record rests.<ref name="oxford">Trevor Pinch, Karin Bijsterveld, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KuRfLG0IedYC&pg=PA515 ''The Oxford Handbook of Sound Studies'', page 515], [[Oxford University Press]]</ref> In 1969, Matsushita released it as the [[Technics (brand)|SP-10]],<ref name="oxford"/> the first direct-drive turntable on the market,<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Record Player Part II: The Rise and Fall|url=https://reverb.com/news/history-of-the-record-player-part-ii-the-rise-and-fall|website=[[Reverb.com]]|accessdate=5 June 2016}}</ref> and the first in their [[Technics (brand)|Technics]] series of [[turntable]]s.<ref name="oxford"/> This gave rise to [[turntablism]], with the most influential turntable being the [[Technics SL-1200]], released in 1972 and remaining the most widely used turntable in [[DJ]] culture for the next several decades.<ref name="oxford"/><ref name="wired">[https://www.wired.com/2002/05/blackbox/ Six Machines That Changed The Music World], ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', May 2002</ref> ;[[Electronic drum]] : At [[NAMM]] 1964, Japanese company [[Ace Tone]] revealed the R-1 Rhythm Ace, the first fully [[transistor]]ized electronic drum instrument. Created by [[Ikutaro Kakehashi]], who later founded [[Roland Corporation]], the R-1 was a hand-operated percussion device that played electronic drum sounds manually as the user pushed buttons, in a similar fashion to modern electronic drum pads.<ref name="sos_roland"/><ref>Matt Dean (2011), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9RmN7w8kVpAC&pg=PA390 ''The Drum: A History'', page 390], [[Scarecrow Press]]</ref><ref name="fact2016">http://www.factmag.com/2016/09/22/the-14-drum-machines-that-shaped-modern-music/</ref> ;Electronic [[drum machine]] : [[Nippon Columbia]] received a 1965 patent for an electronic automatic [[rhythm machine]] instrument. It described it as an "automatic rhythm player which is simple but capable of electronically producing various rhythms in the characteristic tones of a drum, a piccolo and so on."<ref name=US3482027>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.ms/patents/US3482027|title=Automatic rhythm instrument|publisher=}}</ref> At around the same time, [[Korg]] also introduced [[transistor]] circuitry for their [[Korg Mini Pops|Donca-Matic DC-11]] electronic drum machine, some time between 1963 and 1966.<ref name=DoncaMatic>{{cite web|title=Donca-Matic (1963) |url=http://www.korg.co.jp/SoundMakeup/Museum/Doncamatic/ |work=Korg Museum |publisher=[[Korg]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050903144901/http://www.korg.co.jp/SoundMakeup/Museum/Doncamatic/ |archivedate= 3 September 2005 |df= }}</ref> ;[[Electrostatic reed organ]] : [[Yamaha]] engineer Mr. Yamashita invented the [[List of Yamaha products#Magna Organ|Yamaha Magna Organ]] in 1935. It was an electrostatic reed organ, a multi-timbral [[keyboard instrument]] based on electrically blown [[free reed]]s with [[Pickup (music technology)|pickup]]s.<ref>{{cite news | script-title=ja:一時代を画する新楽器完成 浜松の青年技師山下氏 | trans_title= An epoch new musical instrument was developed by a young engineer Mr.Yamashita in Hamamatsu | url = http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/das/jsp/ja/ContentViewM.jsp?METAID=00078861&TYPE=PRINT_FILE&POS=1 | language = Japanese | newspaper = [[Hochi Shimbun]] | date = 1935-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | script-title=ja:新電氣樂器 マグナオルガンの御紹介 | trans_title= New Electric Musical Instrument – Introduction of Magna Organ | url = http://blog.goo.ne.jp/1971913/e/42d486d769c1ce9c2c5a426e00f18b68 | language = Japanese | publication-date = October 1935 | publisher = 日本樂器製造株式會社 ([[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]]) | location = Hamamatsu | quote = ''特許第一〇八六六四号, 同 第一一〇〇六八号, 同 第一一一二一六号''}}</ref> ;[[Frequency modulation synthesis]] (FM synthesis) : In 1973,<ref name=yamaha2014>{{cite web |ref={{sfnref|Yamaha|2014}} | title = [Chapter 2] FM Tone Generators and the Dawn of Home Music Production | url = http://usa.yamaha.com/products/music-production/synthesizers/synth_40th/history/chapter02/ | work = Yamaha Synth 40th Anniversary - History | year = 2014 | publisher = Yamaha Corporation}}</ref> the Japanese company [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] licensed the algorithms for [[frequency modulation synthesis]] (FM synthesis) from [[John Chowning]], who had experimented with it at [[Stanford University]] since 1971.<ref name="holmes_257"/> Yamaha's engineers began adapting Chowning's algorithm for use in a commercial [[digital synthesizer]], adding improvements such as the "key scaling" method to avoid the introduction of distortion that normally occurred in analog systems during [[frequency modulation]].<ref name="holmes_257-8">{{cite book|title=Electronic and experimental music: technology, music, and culture|first=Thom|last=Holmes|edition=3rd|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2008|isbn=0-415-95781-8|chapter=Early Computer Music|pages=257–8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCthQ-bec-QC&pg=PA257|accessdate=2011-06-04}}</ref> In the 1970s, Yamaha were granted a number of patents, under the company's former name "Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha", evolving Chowning's early work on FM synthesis technology.<ref name="patent">[http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=GNEzAAAAEBAJ&dq= U.S. Patent 4,018,121]</ref> The first commercial FM digital synthesizer was the Yamaha GS-1 in 1980.<ref>{{cite book|title=The computer music tutorial|author=Curtis Roads|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|year=1996|isbn=0-262-68082-3|page=226|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ-TetwzVcIC&pg=PA226|accessdate=2011-06-05}}</ref> ;[[Groovebox]] : The [[Roland MC-202]], released in 1983, was the first groovebox. The term "groovebox" was later coined by [[Roland Corporation]] in reference to its successor, the [[Roland MC-303]], released in 1996.<ref name="emusician">[http://www.emusician.com/gear/1332/roland-mc-202-microcomposer/32354 Roland MC-202 MicroComposer], ''[[Electronic Musician]]'', November 2001</ref> ;[[Karaoke]] : There are various disputes about who first invented the name ''karaoke'' (a Japanese word meaning "empty orchestra"). One claim is that the karaoke styled machine was invented by Japanese musician [[Daisuke Inoue]]<ref>[http://www.events-in-music.com/who-invented-the-karaoke-machine.html Who Invented the Karaoke Machine?] Events-in-Music.com</ref> in [[Kobe]], [[Japan]], in 1971.<ref>[http://www.inouej1.com/index.html 井上大祐【カラオケ発明者】 J-ONE/INOUE] Events-in-Music.com</ref><ref>''Time 100:Daisuke Inoue'', 23–30 August 1999 VOL. 154 NO. 7/8</ref> [[File:Roland TR-808 drum machine.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Roland TR-808|Roland TR-808 Rhythm Composer]] programmable [[drum machine]] (1980)]] ;[[Microprocessor]] programmable [[drum machine]] : In 1978, Roland released the [[Roland CR-78]], the first microprocessor programmable [[rhythm machine]],<ref name="sos_roland"/><ref name="cambridge85">Russell Hartenberger (2016), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G2WSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 ''The Cambridge Companion to Percussion'', page 85], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref> with four memory banks to store user patterns,<ref name="fact2016">http://www.factmag.com/2016/09/22/the-14-drum-machines-that-shaped-modern-music/</ref> and controls for [[Accent (music)|accents]] and [[Mute (music)|muting]].<ref name="cambridge85"/> The [[Roland TR-808]], released in 1980, was the first drum machine with the ability to program an entire percussion track of a song from beginning to end, complete with [[Break (music)|breaks]] and [[Drum roll|rolls]].<ref name="keyboard">''[[Keyboard (magazine)|Contemporary Keyboard]]'', [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JDpLAAAAYAAJ Volume 7, Issues 1-6], 1981</ref> It also includes volume knobs for each voice,<ref name=":15"/> and has [[bass drum]] decay controls that could lengthen the sound to create uniquely low frequencies which [[Flat (music)|flatten]] over long periods,<ref name=":6">{{cite journal|last=Reid |first=Gordon |date=February 2002 |year= |title=Synth Secrets: Practical Bass Drum Synthesis |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/Feb02/articles/synthsecrets0202.asp |journal=Sound On Sound |location=UK |publisher=SOS Publications Group |volume= |pages= |access-date=2015-11-25 |via= |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040215232500/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/Feb02/articles/synthsecrets0202.asp |archivedate=2004-02-15 |df= }}</ref> which can be used to create [[bassline]]s<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/8-ways-the-808-drum-machine-changed-pop-music-w453714|title=8 Ways the 808 Drum Machine Changed Pop Music|last=Leight|first=Elias|date=6 December 2016|work=|newspaper=Rolling Stone|access-date=16 January 2016|via=}}</ref> or [[bass drop]]s.<ref>''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'', [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DyfQMSWSrIcC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24 February 1990, page 24]</ref> The TR-808 became one of the most influential inventions in [[popular music]],<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music_box/2016/12/_808_the_movie_is_a_must_watch_doc_for_music_nerds.html|title=808s and Heart Eyes|last=Hamilton|first=Jack|date=16 December 2016|work=|newspaper=Slate|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339|access-date=16 January 2017|via=}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/8-ways-the-808-drum-machine-changed-pop-music-w453714|title=8 Ways the 808 Drum Machine Changed Pop Music|last=Leight|first=Elias|date=6 December 2016|work=|newspaper=Rolling Stone|access-date=16 January 2016|via=}}</ref> used on more hit records than any other drum machine,<ref>{{citation|title=A Beginner's Guide to Digital Video|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stvOCfhc_igC&pg=PA18|year=2004|first=Peter | last=Wells|page=18|publisher=AVA Books|isbn=2-88479-037-3|accessdate=2011-05-20}}</ref> and shaping genres such as [[Electronic dance music|dance]], [[electronic music|electronic]], [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] and [[pop music]].<ref>[[808 (film)|''808'' (documentary film)]]</ref> [[File:Roland D-50.jpg|thumb|[[Roland D-50]] [[Linear Arithmetic synthesis|linear arithmetic synthesizer]] (1987)]] ; [[Linear Arithmetic synthesis]] (LA synthesis) : A type of [[sound synthesis]] invented by [[Roland Corporation]], introduced with the [[Roland D-50]] [[synthesizer]] in 1987.<ref>Manning, Peter. ''Electronic and Computer Music''. 1985. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. Print.</ref>{{rp|434}} In 1987, Roland also introduced LA synthesis to the [[sound card]] [[computer music]] market, with the [[Roland MT-32]] [[sound module]].<ref>[http://www.synthmania.com/mt-32.htm MT-32], Synthmania</ref> ;[[MIDI]] (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) : In 1981, [[Roland Corporation|Roland]] founder [[Ikutaro Kakehashi]] proposed the concept of standardization to [[Oberheim Electronics]] and [[Sequential Circuits]], and they then discussed it with [[Yamaha]], [[Korg]] and [[Kawai (company)|Kawai]].<ref name="chadab5100">{{cite journal|last=Chadabe|first=Joel|authorlink=Joel Chadabe|date=1 May 2000|title=Part IV: The Seeds of the Future|journal=Electronic Musician|publisher=Penton Media|volume=XVI|issue=5|url=http://www.emusician.com/gear/0769/the-electronic-century-part-iv-the-seeds-of-the-future/145415}}</ref> A common MIDI standard was developed, working with Roland's pre-existing DCB as a basis,<ref name=":15"/> by Roland, Yamaha, Korg, Kawai, and Sequential Circuits.<ref name="chadab5100"/><ref name="Holmes">Holmes, Thom. ''Electronic and Experimental Music: Pioneers in Technology and Composition''. New York: Routledge, 2003</ref>{{rp|20|date=November 2012}} MIDI was publicly announced in 1982.<ref name="Manning">Manning, Peter. ''Electronic and Computer Music''. 1985. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. Print.</ref>{{rp|276|date=November 2012}} MIDI allowed communication between different instruments and [[general-purpose computer]]s to play a role in music production.<ref name="russ2012">{{cite book | last = Russ |first = Martin | year = 2012 | title = Sound Synthesis and Sampling | url = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X9h5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | ISBN = 1136122141 | page = 192 | accessdate = 26 April 2017}}</ref> Since its introduction, MIDI has remained the musical instrument industry standard interface through to the present day.<ref name="fact">[http://www.factmag.com/2017/04/02/ikutaro-kakehashi-life/ The life and times of Ikutaro Kakehashi, the Roland pioneer modern music owes everything to], ''[[Fact (UK magazine)|Fact]]''</ref> Kakehashi received the 2013 [[Technical Grammy Award]] for the invention of MIDI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/news/technical-grammy-award-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith|title=Technical GRAMMY Award: Ikutaro Kakehashi And Dave Smith|date=29 January 2013|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/videos/technical-grammy-award-recipients-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith-at-special-merit-awards|title=Ikutaro Kakehashi, Dave Smith: Technical GRAMMY Award Acceptance|date=9 February 2013|publisher=}}</ref> ;[[MIDI]] [[drum machine]] : The first MIDI [[drum machine]] was the [[Roland TR-909]], released in 1983.<ref name="russ">{{cite book |title=Sound synthesis and sampling |author=Martin Russ |page=66 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_W9Ek2LmPNMC&pg=PA66}}</ref><ref name="butler">Butler, Mark Jonathan. "Unlocking the Groove: Rhythm, Meter, and Musical Design in Electronic Dance Music". Indiana University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-2533-4662-2. p. 64</ref> ;[[MIDI]] [[music sequencer]] : The first MIDI sequencer was [[Roland Corporation]]'s MSQ-700, released in 1983.<ref>https://www.roland.com/ca/company/history/</ref> [[File:Roland Jupiter-6.jpg|thumb|[[Roland Jupiter-6]] [[MIDI]] [[synthesizer]] (1982)]] ;[[MIDI]] [[synthesizer]] : The first MIDI synthesizers were the [[Roland Jupiter-6]] and the Prophet 600, both released in 1982.<ref name="russ"/><ref name="butler"/> ;[[Pulse-code modulation|PCM recorder]] : In 1967, the first PCM ([[pulse-code modulation]]) recorder was developed by [[NHK]]'s research facilities in Japan.<ref name="Fine"/> ;[[Sampler (musical instrument)|PCM sampler]] : The first PCM digital sampler was [[Toshiba]]'s [[:ja:LMD-649|LMD-649]],<ref name="rockin">''[[:nl:Rockin'f|Rockin'f]]'', March 1982, [http://tokyosky.sub.jp/tokyosky_webmasters_blog/2011/02/f-19823-lmd-649-1982.html pages 140-141]</ref> created in 1981 by engineer Kenji Murata for Japanese [[electronic music]] band [[Yellow Magic Orchestra]], who used it for extensive [[Sampling (music)|sampling]] and [[Music loop|looping]] in their 1981 album ''[[Technodelic]]''.<ref>[http://www.electricityclub.co.uk/a-beginners-guide-to-yellow-magic-orchestra/ A Beginner’s Guide To YELLOW MAGIC ORCHESTRA], ''The Electricity Club''</ref> [[File:Shin-ei Uni-Vibe (1968), Jimi Hendrix, EMP Museum.jpg|thumb|Shin-ei [[Uni-Vibe]] [[Phaser (effect)|phaser]] [[effects pedal]] (c. 1968) once owned by [[Jimi Hendrix]] (exhibited at [[Experience Music Project]])]] ;[[Phaser (effect)|Phaser]] [[effects pedal]] : The [[Uni-Vibe]], also known as Jax Vibra-Chorus,<ref name="hendrix">Harry Shapiro, Michael Heatley, Roger Mayer, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fpUuXZU9-1QC&pg=PA120 ''Jimi Hendrix Gear'', page 120], [[Voyageur Press]]</ref> is a [[Effects pedal|footpedal]]-operated [[Phaser (effect)|phaser]] or [[phase shifter]] for creating [[Chorus effect|chorus]] and [[vibrato]] simulations for [[Electronic organ|electric organ]] or [[guitar]]. Designed by audio engineer Fumio Mieda,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Molenda|first1=Mike|last2=Pau|first2=Les|title=The Guitar Player Book: 40 Years of Interviews, Gear, and Lessons from the World's Most Celebrated Guitar Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zu3owmYkpZ0C|year=2007|publisher=Hal Leonard|page=222}}</ref> it was introduced in the 1960s by Japanese company Shin-ei, and then released in North America by [[Univox]] in 1968.<ref name="hendrix"/> The pedals soon became favorite effects pedals of [[Rock music|rock]] guitarists [[Jimi Hendrix]] and [[Robin Trower]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Molenda|first1=Mike|last2=Pau|first2=Les|title=The Guitar Player Book: 40 Years of Interviews, Gear, and Lessons from the World's Most Celebrated Guitar Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zu3owmYkpZ0C|year=2007|publisher=Hal Leonard|page=222}}</ref> ;[[Physical modelling synthesis]] : The first commercially available physical modelling [[synthesizer]] was [[Yamaha]]'s VL-1 in 1994.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Aikin | first = Jim | title = Software Synthesizers: The Definitive Guide to Virtual Musical Instruments | publisher = Backbeat Books | year = 2003 | page = 4 | isbn = 0879307528 | postscript = <!--None-->}}</ref> ;[[Polyphonic synthesizer]] : In 1973, [[Yamaha]] invented an early multi-voice polyphonic [[synthesizer]], the [[Yamaha GX-1]].<ref>[http://www.vintagesynth.com/yamaha/gx1.php Yamaha GX-1], Vintage Synth Explorer</ref> ;[[Polyphonic synthesizer|Polyphonic]] [[string synthesizer]] : Roland invented an early polyphonic [[string synthesizer]], the [[Roland RS-202]], in 1975. It was followed by the [[Roland RS-202]] in 1976.<ref>{{cite book|title=Analog Synthesizers: Understanding, Performing, Buying--From the Legacy of Moog to Software Synthesis|first=Mark|last=Jenkins|publisher=CRC Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-136-12278-1|page=89}}</ref><ref name="sos-string">[https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20050308154533/www.soundonsound.com/sos/Jul02/articles/retrozone0702.asp A TALE OF TWO STRING SYNTHS], ''[[Sound on Sound]]'', July 2002</ref> [[File:Discman D121.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sony Discman]] D121 [[portable CD player]] (1984)]] ;[[Portable CD player]] : [[Sony]]'s [[Discman]], released in 1984, was the first portable [[CD player]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press_Archive/199907/99-059/ | title = Sony Celebrates Walkman 20th Anniversary | publisher = Sony Press Release | accessdate = 2009-05-04}}</ref> ;Programmable [[drum machine]] : [[Korg]]'s Stageman and [[Korg Mini Pops|Mini Pops]] series, introduced in 1967, were notable for "natural metallic percussion" sounds and incorporating controls for drum "[[Break (music)|breaks]] and [[Fill (music)|fill-ins]]."<ref name="cambridge">Russell Hartenberger (2016), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G2WSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 ''The Cambridge Companion to Percussion'', page 84], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref> Prior to [[Ikutaro Kakehashi]]'s founding of [[Roland Corporation]] in 1972, Kakehashi had discussed the idea of a programmable drum machine while at [[Ace Tone]], some time between 1967 and 1972.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theverge.com/2013/1/30/3932574/how-the-808-found-its-cymbal-musical-tales-namm-geeky-underbelly|title=How the 808 drum machine got its cymbal, and other tales from music's geeky underbelly|last=Wolbe|first=Trent|date=30 January 2013|website=The Verge|publisher=|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> In 1975,<ref>[http://sbomagazine.com/technology/2748-87percussion-technology-part-ii.html Percussion Technology, Part II], ''SBO Magazine'', December 2001</ref> [[Ace Tone]] released the Rhythm Producer FR-15 that enables the modification of the pre-programmed rhythm patterns.<ref name=ESTECHO>{{cite web |title=Ace Tone Rhythm Producer FR-15 |url=http://www.estecho.com/gear/Acetone_Rhythm_Producer.php |work=ESTECHO.com }} — Sakata Shokai/Ace Tone Rhythm Producer, a successor of Rhythm Ace after the reconstruction of [[Ace Tone]] brand in 1972, provided feature to modify the pre-programmed rhythms.</ref> ;[[Stereo]] [[Pulse-code modulation|PCM]] : In 1969, NHK expanded PCM's capabilities to 2-channel [[stereo]] and 32 kHz 13-bit resolution. In January 1971, using NHK'S PCM recording system, engineers at [[Denon]] recorded the first commercial digital recordings, including ''Uzu: The World Of Stomu Yamash'ta 2'' by [[Stomu Yamashta]].<ref name="Fine"/> ;[[Keyboard expression|Touch-sensitive]] [[electronic keyboard]] : In 1974, [[Roland Corporation]] released the EP-30, the first touch-sensitive electronic [[Musical keyboard|keyboard]].<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6TVLAAAAYAAJ ''FutureMusic'', issues 131-134], 2003, page 55</ref> ;[[Vowel–consonant synthesis]] : A type of hybrid [[Digital data|digital]]-[[Analog circuit|analog]] [[Sound synthesis|synthesis]] developed by [[Casio]] and first employed by the early [[Casiotone]] keyboards in the early 1980s.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jul/13/hey-whats-that-sound-casiotone Hey, what's that sound: Casiotone], ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref> [[File:Original Sony Walkman TPS-L2.JPG|thumb|[[Sony]] [[Walkman]] TPS-L2 (1979)]] ;[[Walkman]] : The prototype was built in 1978 by audio-division engineer [[Nobutoshi Kihara]] for [[Sony]] co-founder [[Masaru Ibuka]]. Ibuka wanted to be able to listen to operas during his frequent trans-[[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] plane trips, and presented the idea to Kihara.<ref name="lem">{{cite web | last =Hormby | first =Thomas | authorlink = | title =The Story Behind the Sony Walkman | work = | publisher =Low End Mac | date =2006-09-15 | url =http://lowendmac.com/orchard/06/0915.html | doi = | accessdate =2007-03-04 }}</ref> ===Batteries=== ;[[Lithium-ion battery]] : In 1991, [[Sony]] and [[Asahi Kasei]] released the first commercial lithium-ion battery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonyenergy-devices.co.jp/en/keyword | title=Keywords to understanding Sony Energy Devices}}</ref> ===Calculators=== ;[[Calculator]]-[[System on a chip|on-a-chip]] : The concept of a single-chip calculator was conceived by [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] engineer [[Tadashi Sasaki (engineer)|Tadashi Sasaki]] in 1968.<ref name="sasaki">{{cite web |url = http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Oral-History:Tadashi_Sasaki |title = Oral-History: Tadashi Sasaki |last = Aspray |first = William |date = 1994-05-25 |work = Interview #211 for the Center for the History of Electrical Engineering |publisher = The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. |accessdate = 2013-01-02}}</ref> The first single-chip calculator to be built was [[Busicom]]'s LE-120A HANDY, released in February 1971.<ref>"The one-chip calculator is here, and it's only the beginning", ''[[Electronic Design]]'', February 18, 1971, p. 34</ref> ;Electric [[calculator]] : The world's first all-electric compact [[calculator]] was the [[Casio]] Computer Company's Model 14-A, released in 1957.<ref>http://www.ithistory.org/db/hardware/casio-computer-co-ltd/casio-14</ref><ref name="casio">[http://world.casio.com/corporate/history/chronology/ Chronology of Main Products], [[Casio]]</ref><ref name="casio14">[http://arch.casio.com/file/corporate/pdf/report_2014/CASIO2014_p23-p24_en.pdf History of Casio], [[Casio]], 2014</ref> ;[[Electronic calculator|Electronic]] [[desktop calculator]] with on-board [[Computer memory|memory]] : [[Casio]] 001, released in 1965.<ref name="casio"/> ;[[LCD]] [[calculator]] : In 1973, [[Sharp Corporation]] introduced the use of LCD displays for [[calculator]]s.<ref name="auburn">[https://web.archive.org/web/20051031052032/http://web6.duc.auburn.edu/~boultwr/lcdnote.pdf Note on the Liquid Crystal Display Industry], [[Auburn University]], 1995</ref> [[File:Sharp QT-8D Micro Compet front view.jpg|thumb|[[Sharp QT-8D]] Micro Compet [[Large-scale integration|LSI]] [[calculator]]]] ;[[Large-scale integration|LSI]] [[calculator]] : The [[Sharp QT-8D]], an electronic [[desktop calculator]] released in 1969, was the first calculator to have its logic circuitry entirely implemented with LSI (''[[large-scale integration]]'') [[integrated circuit]]s (ICs) based on MOS (''[[MOSFET|metal-oxide-semiconductor]]'') technology.<ref name="oldcalc">{{Cite web |author=Rick Bensene |url=http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/sharpqt-8d.html |title=Sharp QT-8D Electronic Calculator |work=The Old Calculator Web Museum |accessdate=September 29, 2010}}</ref><ref name="sharp history">{{Cite web |url=http://sharp-world.com/corporate/info/his/h_company/1969_1970/index.html |title=Sharp History — 1969–1970: From Senri to Tenri |work=SHARP World |publisher=[[Sharp Corporation]] |accessdate=September 30, 2010}}</ref><ref name="vintage">{{Cite web |author=Nigel Tout |url=http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/sharp_qt-8d.html |title=Sharp ''QT-8D "micro Compet"'' |work=Vintage Calculators Web Museum |accessdate=September 29, 2010}}</ref> ;[[Microprocessor]] [[calculator]] : The [[Busicom|Busicom 141-PF]], released in March 1971, was the first calculator, and first device in general, to use a microprocessor, the 4-bit [[Intel 4004]].<ref name="shima"/><ref name="tout1"/> [[File:Sharp EL-8.JPG|thumb|[[Sharp EL-8]] [[pocket calculator]] (1971)]] ;[[Pocket calculator]] : The first portable calculators appeared in Japan in 1970, and were soon marketed around the world. These included the [[Sanyo]] ICC-0081 "Mini Calculator", the [[Canon (company)|Canon]] Pocketronic, and the [[Sharp QT-8B]] "micro Compet". Sharp put in great efforts in size and power reduction and introduced in January 1971 the [[Sharp EL-8]], also marketed as the Facit 1111, which was close to being a pocket calculator. It weighed about one pound, had a vacuum fluorescent display, and rechargeable [[NiCad]] batteries. The first truly pocket-sized electronic calculator was the [[Busicom]] LE-120A "HANDY", which was marketed early in 1971.<ref>"The one-chip calculator is here, and it's only the beginning", Electronic Design, February 18, 1971, p34.</ref> ;[[Programmable calculator]] : In 1967, [[Casio]] released the AL-1000, the world's first programmable [[desktop calculator]].<ref name="casio"/><ref>http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/casio_al-1000.html</ref> ;[[Soroban]] : The soroban is an [[abacus]] [[calculator]] developed in [[medieval Japan]]. It is derived from the [[History of science and technology in China|ancient Chinese]] [[suanpan]], imported to Japan in the 14th century.<ref>{{cite book | last = Gullberg | first = Jan | year = 1997 | title = Mathematics: From the Birth of Numbers | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | location = New York, NY | isbn = 0-393-04002-X |others= Illustrated by Pär Gullberg | page = 169}}</ref> ===Cameras=== ;[[Digital single-lens reflex camera]] : On August 25, 1981 Sony unveiled a prototype of the first still video camera, the [[Sony Mavica]]. This camera was an analog electronic camera that featured interchangeable lenses and a [[Single-lens reflex camera|SLR]] viewfinder. At [[photokina 1986|photokina]] in 1986, [[Nikon]] revealed a prototype analog electronic still SLR camera, the [[Nikon SVC]], the first digital SLR. The prototype body shared many features with the N8008.<ref name="Jarleton">[http://apphotnum.free.fr/N2BE2.html Nikon SLR-type digital cameras], Pierre Jarleton</ref> ;[[Portapak]] : In 1967, Sony unveiled the first self-contained [[video tape]] [[analog recording]] system that was portable.<ref name=history>{{cite web |url=http://www.internetvideomag.com/Articles-2006/112706_historyofcamcorders.htm |title=The History of Camcorders |first=Mark |last=Shapiro |year=2006 |publisher=Internet Video Magazine |location=San Diego, CA |accessdate=2009-12-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121005852/http://www.internetvideomag.com/Articles-2006/112706_historyofcamcorders.htm |archivedate=2012-11-21 |df= }}</ref> ===Chindogu=== {{main article|Chindōgu}} Chindogu is the Japanese art of inventing ingenious everyday [[gadget]]s that, on the face of it, seem like an ideal solution to a particular problem. However, Chindogu has a distinctive feature: anyone actually attempting to use one of these inventions would find that it causes so many new problems, or such significant social [[embarrassment]], that effectively it has no [[utility]] whatsoever. Thus, Chindōgu are sometimes described as "unuseless" – that is, they cannot be regarded as 'useless' in an absolute sense, since they do actually solve a problem; however, in practical terms, they cannot positively be called "useful." The term "Chindogu" was coined by [[Kenji Kawakami]]. ===Computing=== ;[[12-bit]] [[microprocessor]] : In 1973, [[Toshiba]] developed the TLCS-12,<ref>[http://www.shmj.or.jp/museum2010/exhibi748.htm 1970年代 マイコンの開発と発展 ~集積回路], [http://www.shmj.or.jp/english/ Semiconductor History Museum of Japan]</ref><ref name="ogdin">{{Cite journal |last=Ogdin |first=Jerry |title=Microprocessor scorecard |journal=Euromicro Newsletter |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=43–77 |date=January 1975 |doi=10.1016/0303-1268(75)90008-5}}</ref> the world's first 12-bit microprocessor.<ref name="shmj70s">[http://www.shmj.or.jp/english/integredcircuits/ic70s.html Integrated Circuits: 1970s], [http://www.shmj.or.jp/english/ Semiconductor History Museum of Japan]</ref> The project began in 1971, when Toshiba began developing a microprocessor for [[Ford Motor Company]]'s [[Electronic Engine Control]] (EEC) project, which went on to utilize Toshiba's 12-bit microprocessor.<ref name="shmj70s"/> ;[[16-bit]] [[microcomputer]] : In 1977, [[Panafacom]], a conglomeration of [[Fujitsu]], [[Fuji Electric]], and [[Panasonic|Matsushita]], released an early 16-bit microcomputer, the Lkit-16, based on the 16-bit Panafacom MN1610 microprocessor developed in 1975.<ref name="lkit">[http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/heritage/PANAFACOM_Lkit-16.html PANAFACOM Lkit-16], [[Information Processing Society of Japan]]</ref> [[File:Panafacom MN1610 1.jpg|thumb|[[Panafacom]] MN1610, [[16-bit]] [[microprocessor]] (1975)]] ;[[16-bit]] [[microprocessor]] : In 1975, [[Panafacom]] developed the first commercial 16-bit single-chip microprocessor [[CPU]],<ref name="fujitsu">{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.pfu.fujitsu.com/en/profile/history.html|publisher=PFU|accessdate=5 October 2010}}</ref> the MN1610.<ref name="lkit"/><ref>{{cite web|title=16-bit Microprocessors|url=http://www.cpu-museum.com/161x_e.htm|publisher=CPU Museum|accessdate=5 October 2010}}</ref> According to Fujitsu, it was "the world's first 16-bit [[microcomputer]] on a single chip".<ref name="fujitsu"/> ;Compact [[office]] [[computer]] : Compact office computers originated from Japan in the early 1960s. While American offices at the time ran large [[minicomputer]]s loaded with business applications, Japanese manufacturers invented highly compact office computers, with hardware, [[operating system]]s, peripheral devices and application development languages specifically developed for business applications, playing a big role in Japan's booming economy. The first office computers released in 1961: [[Casio]]'s TUC Compuwriter, [[NEC]]'s [[:ja:NEAC|NEAC-1201]] [[parametron]] computer, and Unoke Denshi Kogyo's USAC-3010.<ref>[http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/office/history.html Office Computers: Brief History], [[Information Processing Society of Japan]]</ref> [[File:HD6417095 01.jpg|thumb|[[Hitachi SH-2]], [[32-bit]] [[microprocessor]] with [[compressed instructions]] (1993)]] ;[[Compressed instructions]] : In the early 1990s, engineers at [[Hitachi]] found ways to compress [[RISC]] [[instruction set]]s so they fit in even smaller memory systems than [[Complex instruction set computing|CISC]] instruction sets. They developed a compressed instruction set for their [[SuperH]] series of microprocessors, introduced in 1992.<ref name="hitachi">http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/E/1997/971110B.html</ref> The SuperH instruction set was later adapted for the [[ARM architecture]]'s [[ARM Thumb|Thumb]] instruction set.<ref name="lwn">{{cite web|url=//lwn.net/Articles/647636|title=Resurrecting the SuperH architecture|author=Nathan Willis|date=June 10, 2015|publisher=[[LWN.net]]}}</ref> ;[[Digital system]] design, and [[digital computer]] theory : In the 1930s, [[NEC]] engineer Akira Nakashima laid the foundations for digital system design with his [[switching circuit theory]], where formulated a [[Two-element Boolean algebra|two-valued Boolean algebra]] as a way to analyze and design circuits by [[algebra]]ic means in terms of [[logic gate]]s. His switching circuit theory provided the mathematical foundations and tools for digital system design in almost all areas of modern technology, and was the basis for [[digital computer]] theory.<ref name="nakashima"/><ref name="ipsj-switch"/> ;[[Electronic printer]] : The first electronic [[Printer (computing)|printer]] was the [[EP-101]], invented by Japanese company [[Epson]] and released in 1968.<ref>[https://news.dphotographer.co.uk/news/40-years-since-epsons-first-electronic-printer%E2%80%A6/ 40 years since Epson’s first Electronic Printer], Digital Photographer</ref><ref>[http://assets.epson-europe.com/eu/epson_eu/about_us.html About Epson], [[Epson]]</ref> [[Image:Yamaha GS-1 FM Synthesizer Programming Computer.jpg|thumb|[[Yamaha]] programming [[computer]] for GS-1, the first commercial [[FM synthesis|FM]] [[digital synthesizer]] (1980)]] ;[[FM synthesis]] [[computer music]] : The [[Yamaha]] GS-1, the first commercial FM [[digital synthesizer]], released in 1980, was programmed using a proprietary Yamaha [[computer]], which at the time was only available at Yamaha's headquarters in Japan ([[Hamamatsu]]) and the United States ([[Buena Park]]).<ref>Nicolae Sfetc, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kXyFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1525 ''The Music Sound'', page 1525]</ref> In 1983, [[Yamaha CX5M|Yamaha modules]] introduced FM synthesis to the [[MSX]] [[personal computer]].<ref name="russ85">Martin Russ, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X9h5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 ''Sound Synthesis and Sampling'', page 85], [[CRC Press]]</ref><ref name="ellis">David Ellis, [http://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/yamaha-cx5m/1481 Yamaha CX5M], ''Electronics & Music Maker'', October 1984</ref> [[Image:Busicom.JPG|thumb|[[NEC]] [[TK-80]] [[microcomputer]] kit (1976) on the left, [[Busicom]] [[calculator]] motherboard based on [[Intel 4004]] (1971) in the center, and assembled Busicom calculator on the right]] ;[[General-purpose computer|General-purpose]] [[microcomputer]] : The first microcomputers based on the [[Intel 8080]], the first general-purpose [[microprocessor]], were [[Sord Computer Corporation]]'s SMP80/x series,<ref name="smp80"/> released in 1974.<ref name="smp80"/><ref name="katz"/> ;General-purpose [[microprocessor]] : The [[Intel 8080]], released in 1974, was the first general-purpose microprocessor.<ref name="smp80"/> The 8-bit Intel 8080 was designed by [[Federico Faggin]] and [[Masatoshi Shima]].<ref>{{US patent reference|number=4,010,449|issue-date=March 1, 1977|inventor=[[Federico Faggin]], [[Masatoshi Shima]], Stanley Mazor|title=[http://www.google.com/patents?id=CSU6AAAAEBAJ&zoom=4&pg=PA5 MOS computer employing a plurality of separate chips]}}</ref> ;[[Inkjet]] [[Printer (computing)|printer]] : The world's first inkjet printer was [[Casio]]'s Typuter, released in 1971.<ref name="casio"/> [[File:Epson-hx-20.jpg|thumb|[[Epson HX-20]] [[laptop]] (1981)]] ;[[Laptop]] : Yukio Yokozawa, an employee for [[Suwa Seikosha]], a branch of [[Seiko]] (now [[Seiko Epson]]), invented the first laptop/notebook computer in July 1980, receiving a patent for the invention.<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/FR2487094A1/en FR2487094A1 patent: Notebook computer system small]</ref> Seiko's notebook computer, known as the [[HC-20]] in Japan, was announced in 1981.<ref name="hc20">[http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0081.html 【Shinshu Seiki / Suwa Seikosha】 HC-20], [[Information Processing Society of Japan]]</ref> In North America, [[Epson]] introduced it as the [[Epson HX-20]] in 1981, at the [[COMDEX]] computer show in [[Las Vegas]], where it drew significant attention for its portability.<ref name="hx20">[http://oldcomputers.net/hx-20.html Epson HX-20], Old Computers</ref> It had a mass-market release in July 1982, as the HC-20 in Japan<ref name="hc20"/> and as the Epson HX-20 in North America.<ref name="peres">Michael R. Peres, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NMJxyAwGvKcC&pg=PA306 ''The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography'', page 306], [[Taylor & Francis]]</ref> It was the first notebook-sized handheld computer,<ref name="epson">{{cite web | url=http://files.support.epson.com/pdf/hx20__/hx20__sl.pdf |format=PDF| title=Epson SX-20 Promotional Brochure |accessdate=2 November 2008 |publisher=Epson America, Inc. |year=1987 }}</ref><ref name="hc20"/><ref name="peres"/> the size of an [[A4 paper|A4 notebook]] and weighing {{convert|1.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="hc20"/> In 1983, the [[Sharp PC-5000]]<ref>[http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=476 Sharp PC-5000], Old Computers</ref> and Ampere WS-1 laptops from Japan featured a modern [[Flip (form)|clamshell]] design.<ref name="chronicles">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbh1XP4kCT4 Japanese PCs (1984)] (13:13), ''[[Computer Chronicles]]''</ref><ref>Bob Armstrong, http://cosy.com/language/cosyhard/cosyhard.htm</ref> ;[[Microcomputer]] : The first microcomputer was [[Sord Computer Corporation]]'s SMP80/08,<ref name="katz">Michael Katz, Robert Levering, Milton Moskowitz (1985), ''Computer Entrepreneur'', page 469, [[Penguin Group]]</ref> developed in 1972, using the 8-bit [[Intel 8008]] microprocessor.<ref name="smp80">[http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0086.html 【Sord】 SMP80/x series], [[Information Processing Society of Japan]]</ref> ;Microcomputer [[operating system]] : The first microcomputer with an operating system was [[Sord Computer Corporation]]'s SMP80/x series,<ref>Michael Katz, Robert Levering, Milton Moskowitz (1985), ''Computer Entrepreneur'', page 463, Penguin Group</ref> released in 1974, based on the [[Intel 8080]] microprocessor.<ref name="smp80"/><ref name="katz"/> [[File:Intel C4004.jpg|thumb|[[Intel 4004]] (1971), 4-bit [[microprocessor]] designed by [[Busicom]]'s [[Masatoshi Shima]] ]] ;[[Microprocessor]] : The concept of a single-chip microprocessor [[central processing unit]] (CPU) was conceived in a 1968 meeting in Japan between [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] engineer [[Tadashi Sasaki (engineer)|Tadashi Sasaki]] and a software engineering researcher from [[Nara Women's University|Nara Women's College]]. Sasaki discussed the microprocessor concept with [[Busicom]] and [[Intel]] in 1968.<ref name="sasaki"/> The first commercial microprocessor, the 4-bit [[Intel 4004]], began with the "Busicom Project"<ref name="ieee-ff">[[Federico Faggin]], [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4776530 The Making of the First Microprocessor], ''IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine'', Winter 2009, [[IEEE Xplore]]</ref> in 1968 as [[Masatoshi Shima]]'s three-chip CPU design,<ref name=tout1>{{cite web|url=http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/busicom_141-pf_and_intel_4004.html|title=The Busicom 141-PF calculator and the Intel 4004 microprocessor|author=Nigel Tout|accessdate=November 15, 2009}}</ref><ref name="ieee-ff"/> which was simplified down to a single-chip microprocessor, designed from 1969 to 1970 by Intel's [[Marcian Hoff]] and [[Federico Faggin]] and Busicom's Masatoshi Shima, and commercially released in 1971.<ref name="ieee-ff"/><ref name="shima">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081219113410/http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/oral_history/pdfs/Shima197.pdf Masatoshi Shima], [[IEEE]]</ref> ;[[MIDI]] [[computer music]] : In 1982, the [[NEC PC-88]] and [[PC-98]] computers introduced MIDI support.<ref name="shimazu104">{{cite journal|last=Shimazu|first=Takehito|title=The History of Electronic and Computer Music in Japan: Significant Composers and Their Works|journal=[[Leonardo Music Journal]]|year=1994|volume=4|pages=102–106 [104]|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/93116556/The-History-of-Electronic-and-Experimental-Music-in-Japan|accessdate=9 July 2012|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|doi=10.2307/1513190}}</ref> In 1983, [[Yamaha CX5M|Yamaha modules]] introduced MIDI [[Music sequencer|sequencing]] to the [[MSX]].<ref name="russ85"/><ref name="ellis"/> ;[[Comparison of MIDI editors and sequencers|MIDI music software]] : In 1983, the [[Yamaha CX5M|Yamaha CX5]] [[MSX]] computer and [[Yamaha CX5M|Yamaha MSX modules]] came with graphical [[music software]] for [[Digital synthesizer|digital synthesis]] and [[MIDI]] [[Music sequencer|sequencing]],<ref name="flyer">[https://archive.org/details/CX5MFlyer Yamaha CX5M Music Computer Flyer], [[Yamaha]]</ref><ref name="ellis">David Ellis, [http://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/yamaha-cx5m/1481 Yamaha CX5M], ''Electronics & Music Maker'', October 1984</ref> capable of synthesizing and sequencing sounds and rhythms.<ref>Helen Casabona, David Frederick, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6K5Tpl_zBoEC&pg=PA15 ''Advanced MIDI Applications'', page 15], [[Alfred Music]]</ref> It provided synthesis, composition tools, and a 4-track MIDI [[Music sequencer|sequencer]], available on different [[ROM cartridge|cartridges]].<ref>[http://www.theregister.co.uk/Print/2013/08/26/part_two_midi_spec_1_is_30_happy_birthday_musical_instrument_digital_interface/ Happy birthday MIDI 1.0: Slave to the rhythm], ''[[The Register]]'', August 2013</ref> [[File:Roland MPU-401.jpg|thumb|[[Roland Corporation]]'s [[MPU-401]] [[MIDI]] interface (1984)]] ;[[MIDI]] [[sound card]] : The spread of MIDI on [[computer]]s was facilitated by [[Roland Corporation]]'s [[MPU-401]], released in 1984. It was the first MIDI-equipped PC sound card, capable of MIDI sound processing<ref name="emusician-mpu"/> and [[Music sequencer|sequencing]].<ref>[http://www.piclist.com/techref/io/serial/midi/mpu.html Programming the MPU-401 in UART mode]</ref><ref>[ftp://ftp.oldskool.org/pub/drivers/Roland/MPU-401%20technical%20reference%20manual.pdf MIDI PROCESSING UNIT MPU-401 TECHNICAL REFERENCE MANUAL], [[Roland Corporation]]</ref> After Roland sold MPU [[sound chip]]s to other sound card manufacturers,<ref name="emusician-mpu">[http://www.textfiles.com/music/midi-em.txt MIDI INTERFACES FOR THE IBM PC], ''[[Electronic Musician]]'', September 1990</ref> it established a universal standard MIDI-to-PC interface.<ref>Peter Manning (2013), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ryet1i-8OlYC ''Electronic and Computer Music''], page 319, [[Oxford University Press]]</ref> The widespread adoption of MIDI led to computer-based [[Comparison of MIDI editors and sequencers|MIDI software]] being developed.<ref name="russ2012"/> ;[[Music Macro Language]] : In 1978, Japanese [[personal computer]]s such as the [[Sharp MZ]] and [[Hitachi]] [[:ja:ベーシックマスター|Basic Master]] were capable of digital synthesis, which were sequenced using Music Macro Language (MML).<ref name="BASIC MASTER">[http://digital.hitachihyoron.com/pdf/1979/04/1979_04_26.pdf Micro Computer BASIC MASTER MB-6880 Music method] - {{cite web|url=http://digital.hitachihyoron.com/digital/search_pdf/1979/|title=Hitachi Hyoron April 1979 Special Features:A micro-computer, the application method|last1={{Nihongo|Kunihiko||圀彦}}|first1={{Nihongo|Nagai||長井}}|last2={{Nihongo|Teruhiro||輝洋}}|first2={{Nihongo|Takezawa||竹澤}}|last3={{Nihongo|Kazuma||一馬}}|first3={{Nihongo|Yoshimura||吉村}}|last4={{Nihongo|KaTsutoshi||活利}}|first4={{Nihongo|Tajima||田島}}|date=1979-04-26|website=digital.hitachihyoron|publisher= HITACHI |accessdate=26 August 2013}}</ref> This was used to produce [[chiptune]] [[video game music]].<ref name="shimazu104"/> ;[[Optical communication]] : Hardware elements providing the basis of [[internet]] technology, the three essential elements of optical communication, were invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]]: the [[semiconductor laser]] (1957) being the light source, the [[Graded-index fiber|graded-index optical fiber]] (1964) as the transmission line, and the [[PIN photodiode]] (1950) as the optical receiver.<ref name="soh"/> [[Fiber-optic communication]] was proposed by Nishizawa in 1963.<ref name=Bhat/> [[Izuo Hayashi]]'s invention of the [[continuous wave]] semiconductor laser in 1970 led directly to the light sources in fiber-optic communication, commercialized by Japanese entrepreneurs,<ref name=burning/> and opened up the field of optical communication, playing an important role in the [[communication network]]s of the future.<ref>S. Millman (1983), [http://doc.telephonecollectors.info/dm/BTL_History_Physical_Sciences_1983_op_r.pdf#page=34 ''A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System'', page 10], [[AT&T Bell Laboratories]]</ref> Their work laid the foundations for the [[Information Age]].<ref name="soh"/> ;[[Parametron]] : A [[Digital electronics|logic circuit]] element invented by [[Eiichi Goto]] in 1954.<ref name=parametron01>Information Processing Society of Japan - [http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/0007.html Parametron]</ref> It was a [[digital computer]] element.<ref name="nakashima"/> ;[[Personal computer]] with built-in [[floppy disk drive]] : [[Sord Computer Corporation]]'s M200 Smart Home Computer, released in 1977, was among the first [[home computer]]s, and was an early personal computer to be integrated with a built-in floppy disk drive.<ref name="m200">[http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0087.html 【Sord】 M200 Smart Home Computer Series], [[Information Processing Society of Japan]]</ref> ;[[Personal computer]] with built-in [[hard disk drive]] : [[Sord Computer Corporation]]'s M223 Mark VI, introduced in 1979, was an early personal computer to come standard with a built-in hard disk drive.<ref name="m200"/> ;[[Plastic]] [[central processing unit]] : [[Shunpei Yamazaki]] invented a central processing unit (CPU) made entirely from plastic.<ref name=Yamazaki/> ;Small [[computer]] : In 1967, [[NEC]] introduced the [[:ja:NEAC|NEAC-1240]], the world's first small [[Integrated circuit|IC]] computer.<ref>[http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/office/0048.html 【NEC】 NEAC-1240], [[Information Processing Society of Japan]]</ref> ;[[Stored-program computer|Stored-program]] [[transistor computer]] : The ETL Mark III began development in 1954,<ref name="fransman">Martin Fransman (1993), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_6DMnS1Y12cC&pg=PA19 ''The Market and Beyond: Cooperation and Competition in Information Technology'', page 19], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref> and was completed in 1956, created by the Electrotechnical Laboratory.<ref name="mark3">[http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/index.html Early Computers], [[Information Processing Society of Japan]]</ref> It was the first stored-program transistor computer.<ref name="mark3"/><ref>[http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/0011.html 【Electrotechnical Laboratory】 ETL Mark III Transistor-Based Computer], [[Information Processing Society of Japan]]</ref><ref name="dawn">[http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/history.html Early Computers: Brief History], [[Information Processing Society of Japan]]</ref> ;[[Switching circuit theory]] : From 1934 to 1936, [[NEC]] engineer Akira Nakashima introduced switching circuit theory in a series of papers showing that [[Two-element Boolean algebra|two-valued]] [[Boolean algebra]], which he discovered independently, can describe the operation of switching circuits.<ref>[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ieejfms/124/8/124_8_720/_article History of Research on Switching Theory in Japan], ''IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials'', Vol. 124 (2004) No. 8, pp. 720-726, [[Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan]]</ref><ref name="ipsj-switch">[http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/0002.html Switching Theory/Relay Circuit Network Theory/Theory of Logical Mathematics], IPSJ Computer Museum, [[Information Processing Society of Japan]]</ref><ref name="historical">Radomir S. Stanković ([[University of Niš]]), Jaakko T. Astola ([[Tampere University of Technology]]), Mark G. Karpovsky ([[Boston University]]), [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.66.1248 Some Historical Remarks on Switching Theory], 2007, DOI 10.1.1.66.1248</ref><ref name="nakashima">Radomir S. Stanković, Jaakko Astola (2008), [http://ticsp.cs.tut.fi/reports/reprint-nakashima-rr.pdf Reprints from the Early Days of Information Sciences: TICSP Series On the Contributions of Akira Nakashima to Switching Theory], TICSP Series #40, Tampere International Center for Signal Processing, [[Tampere University of Technology]]</ref> ;[[Transistor computer]] [[microprogram]]ming : The use of microprogramming in electronic transistor computers dates back to 1961, with the KT-Pilot, developed by [[Kyoto University]] and [[Toshiba]] in Japan.<ref name="dawn"/><ref>[http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/0042.html 【Kyoto University,Toshiba】 KT-Pilot], [[Information Processing Society of Japan]]</ref> ;Two-chip [[microprocessor]] : [[NEC]] released the μPD707 and μPD708, a two-chip 4-bit microprocessor [[CPU]], in 1971.<ref name="antique">{{cite web|title=NEC 751 (uCOM-4) |publisher=The Antique Chip Collector's Page |url=http://www.antiquetech.com/chips/NEC751.htm |accessdate=2010-06-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525202756/http://www.antiquetech.com/chips/NEC751.htm |archivedate=2011-05-25 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> They were followed by NEC's first single-chip microprocessor, the μPD700, in April 1972,<ref name="shmj">[http://www.shmj.or.jp/museum2010/exhibi748.htm 1970年代 マイコンの開発と発展 ~集積回路], [http://www.shmj.or.jp/english/ Semiconductor History Museum of Japan]</ref><ref>Jeffrey A. Hart & Sangbae Kim (2001), [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e1bf/dfd3cae56f12507a66c0338a4eedc79a70b4.pdf The Defense of Intellectual Property Rights in the Global Information Order], International Studies Association, Chicago</ref> a prototype for the [[μCOM-4]] (μPD751), released in April 1973,<ref name="shmj"/> combining the μPD707 and μPD708 into a single microprocessor.<ref name="antique"/> ;[[USB]] : A group of several companies began the development of USB in 1994, including Japanese company [[NEC]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Janssen |first=Cory |url=http://www.techopedia.com/definition/2320/universal-serial-bus-usb |title=What is a Universal Serial Bus (USB)? |publisher=Techopedia |date= |accessdate=2014-02-12}}</ref> ===Domestic appliances=== ;[[Bladeless fan]] : The first bladeless fan was patented by [[Toshiba]] in 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/6377644/Dyson-fan-was-it-invented-30-years-ago.html |title=Dyson fan: was it invented 30 years ago? |publisher=Telegraph |date= |accessdate=2014-01-09}}</ref> [[File:Rice-cooker.jpg|thumb|right|[[Electric rice cooker]]]] ;[[Rice cooker|Electric rice cooker]] : Invented by designers at the Toshiba Corporation in the late 1940s.<ref>[http://museum.toshiba.co.jp/history/1goki/1955rice.html Toshiba Firsts of Their Kind: Automatic Electric Rice Cooker]</ref> ;[[RFIQin]] : An automatic cooking device, invented by [[Mamoru Imura]] and [[patent]]ed in 2007.<ref name="freshpatents">{{cite web |url=http://www.freshpatents.com/Mamoru-Imura-OverlandPark-invdiri.php|title=Mamoru Imura Patent Inventor Overland Park, KS|publisher=FreshPatents|accessdate=2006-12-24}}</ref><ref name="usgovpatent">{{cite web |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7157675.PN.&OS=PN/7157675&RS=PN/7157675|title=United States Patent 7157675|publisher=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]]|accessdate=2007-01-03}}</ref> ===Electronics=== [[File:Trinitron.jpg|thumb|right|A 1970s [[Sony]] [[Trinitron]] [[aperture grille]] [[Cathode ray tube|CRT]] television]] ;[[Aperture grille]] : One of two major [[cathode ray tube]] (CRT) [[display technologies]], along with the older [[shadow mask]]. Aperture grille was introduced by [[Sony]] with their [[Trinitron]] [[television]] in 1968.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030402170606/http://monitorworld.com/faq_pages/q28_page.html Aperture grille details]</ref> ;[[Automated teller machine]] (ATM) : The idea of out-of-hours cash distribution developed from bankers' needs in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the ATM|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/03/a-brief-history-of-the-atm/388547/|publisher=The Atlantic|accessdate=26 April 2015|date=26 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-27/how-the-atm-revolutionized-the-banking-business.html|title=How the ATM Revolutionized the Banking Business|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|date=27 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atmia.com/files/50th%20Anniversary/50th_ATM_Anniversary_Fact_Sheet_-_06272016.pdf |title= ATMIA 50th Anniversary Factsheet|date= October 2015|website=www.atmia.com |publisher= ATM Industry Association |access-date= June 29, 2016}}</ref> The Japanese device was called "Computer Loan Machine" and supplied cash as a three-month loan at 5% p.a. after inserting a [[credit card]]. The device was operational in 1966.<ref>'Fast Machine With a Buck',"Pacific Star and Stripes", 7 July 1966</ref><ref>'Instant Cash with a Credit Card', "ABA Banking Journal", January 1967</ref> ;[[Avalanche photodiode]] : Invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] in 1952.<ref name="jqr">[http://jqrmag.com/en/jqr-interview-eng/jun-ichi-nishizawa-engineer-sophia-university-special-professor/ Jun-ichi Nishizawa: Engineer, Sophia University Special Professor] (interview), ''Japan Quality Review'', 2011</ref> ;[[BaTiO3]] (barium titanate) : Invented by T. Ogawa in 1943.<ref name="ohmsa82">[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2DEEAQAAIAAJ ''Semiconductor Technologies''], Ohmsha, 1982</ref> [[File:Shiju.jpg|thumb|[[Shuji Nakamura]] with [[blue laser]] in 2015]] ;[[Blue laser]] : In 1992, Japanese inventor [[Shuji Nakamura]] invented the first efficient blue [[LED]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.engr.ucsb.edu/faculty/profile/82 |title=Shuji Nakamura |accessdate=2008-07-31 |publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara}}</ref> Nakamura invented it with [[Isamu Akasaki]] and [[Hiroshi Amano]], for which the three of them were awarded the 2014 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]].<ref name=N14>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2014/press.html|accessdate=2014-10-07}}</ref> ;[[Color television|Color]] [[LCD]] : The LCD color display was invented by [[Sharp Corporation]]'s Shinji Kato and Takaaki Miyazaki in May 1975,<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/JPS51139582A JPS51139582A patent: Liquid crystal display units]</ref> and then improved by Fumiaki Funada and Masataka Matsuura in December 1975.<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/JPS5279948A JPS5279948A patent: Liquid crystal color display device]</ref> The first LCD [[color television]]s were invented as [[handheld television]]s in Japan. In 1980, [[Hattori Seiko]]'s [[R&D]] group began development on color pocket [[LCD television]]s.<ref name="spin"/> In 1984, [[Epson]] released the ET-10, the first full-color, pocket LCD television.<ref>[https://www.epson.co.uk/viewcon/corporatesite/cms/index/28 A HISTORY OF CREATING INSPIRATIONAL TECHNOLOGY], [[Epson]]</ref> [[File:Sample-SP.JPG|thumb|Typical [[3LCD]] (RGB) [[LCD projector|projector]] showing separated polarizers]] ;Color [[LCD projector]], and [[3LCD]] : [[Epson]] developed the [[3LCD]] color projection technology in the 1980s, and licensed it for use in projectors in 1988.<ref name="3lcd">[https://www.epson.co.uk/gb/en/viewcon/corporatesite/cms/index/11298 Find out what is an LCD Projector, how does it benefit you, and the difference between LCD and 3LCD here], [[Epson]]</ref> The first color LCD [[video projector]]s were [[Epson]]'s 3LCD-based VPJ-700, released in January 1989,<ref name="peres"/> and an LCD color video projector released by [[Sharp Corporation]] in 1989.<ref>[http://focus.ti.com/download/dlpdmd/166_History_Electronic_Proj_Tech_Hornbeck.pdf]| Hornbeck, TI: ''From cathode rays to digital micromirrors: A history of electronic projection display technology''</ref> Epson's 3LCD technology went on to be adopted by about 40 different projector brands worldwide.<ref name="3lcd"/> ;[[Color television|Color]] [[plasma display]] : The world's first color plasma display was produced by [[Fujitsu]] in 1989.<ref>[http://pr.fujitsu.com/jp/news/1998/Aug/25-2e.html Fujitsu Develops Breakthrough Technology for High-Resolution PDPs Suited for High-Definition TVs], [[Fujitsu]], August 25, 1998</ref> ;[[Continuous wave]] [[semiconductor laser]] : Invented by [[Izuo Hayashi]] and [[Morton B. Panish]] in 1970. This led directly to the light sources in [[fiber-optic communication]], [[laser printer]]s, [[barcode reader]]s, and [[optical disc drive]]s, technologies that were commercialized by Japanese entrepreneurs.<ref name=burning>{{cite book|last=Johnstone|first=Bob|title=We were burning : Japanese entrepreneurs and the forging of the electronic age.|year=2000|publisher=BasicBooks|location=New York|isbn=9780465091188}}</ref>{{rp|252}} [[File:Early TV experiment by Takayanagi.jpg|thumb|A recreation of [[Kenjiro Takayanagi]]'s pioneering 1926 [[electronic television]] experiment, at [[NHK]] Broadcasting Museum in Atagoyama, Tokyo]] ;[[Electronic television]] : In 1924, [[Kenjiro Takayanagi]] began a research program on electronic [[television]]. In 1925, he demonstrated a [[cathode ray tube]] (CRT) television with thermal electron emission.<ref name="ieee-tv">{{cite web|url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Development_of_Electronic_Television,_1924-1941|title=Milestones:Development of Electronic Television, 1924-1941|accessdate=December 11, 2015}}</ref> In 1926, he demonstrated a CRT television with 40-line [[Display resolution|resolution]],<ref name="nhk.or.jp">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160101180643/http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/ ''Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television''], NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), 2002, retrieved 2009-05-23.</ref> the first working example of a fully [[History of television#Electronic television|electronic television]] receiver.<ref name="ieee-tv"/> In 1927, he increased the television resolution to 100 lines, which was unrivaled until 1931.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wQhlFaxDwrsC&pg=PA220 ''High Above: The untold story of Astra, Europe's leading satellite company'', page 220], [[Springer Science+Business Media]]</ref> In 1928, he was the first to transmit human faces in half-tones on television.<ref name="abramson">Albert Abramson, ''Zworykin, Pioneer of Television'', University of Illinois Press, 1995, p. 231. ISBN 0-252-02104-5.</ref> ;[[Fiber-optic communication]] : While working at at [[Tohoku University]], [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] proposed the use of [[optical fiber]]s for [[optical communication]], in 1963.<ref name=Bhat>{{cite book|editor=Bhat, K. N. |editor2=DasGupta, Amitava|title = Physics of semiconductor devices|publisher =Narosa Publishing House|year= 2004|location =New Delhi, India|chapter=Terahertz wave generation and light amplification using Raman effect|author1=Nishizawa, Jun-ichi |author2=Suto, Ken|lastauthoramp=yes |url =https://books.google.com/?id=2NTpSnfhResC&pg=PA27|isbn =81-7319-567-6|page =27}}</ref> Nishizawa invented other technologies that contributed to the development of optical fiber communications, such as the [[Graded-index fiber|graded-index optical fiber]] as a channel for transmitting light from semiconductor lasers.<ref name="Sendai New">{{cite web|work=Sendai New |title=Optical Fiber |url=http://www.city.sendai.jp/soumu/kouhou/s-new-e6/page01.html |accessdate=April 5, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929124200/http://www.city.sendai.jp/soumu/kouhou/s-new-e6/page01.html |archivedate=September 29, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |title=New Medal Honors Japanese Microelectrics Industry Leader |url=http://www.ieee.org/portal/site/tionline/menuitem.130a3558587d56e8fb2275875bac26c8/index.jsp?&pName=institute_level1_article&TheCat=1003&article=tionline/legacy/inst2003/jun03/6w.nishizawa.xml&}}</ref> [[Izuo Hayashi]]'s invention of the [[continuous wave]] semiconductor laser in 1970 led directly to light sources in fiber-optic communication, commercialized by Japanese entrepreneurs.<ref name=burning/> ;[[Glass]] [[integrated circuit]] : [[Shunpei Yamazaki]] invented an integrated circuit made entirely from [[glass]] and with an 8-bit [[central processing unit]].<ref name=Yamazaki>{{cite web|title=Top US Patent Holder is Legendary Japanese Inventor Shunpei Yamazaki|publisher=Impact Lab|date=February 26, 2006|url=http://www.impactlab.com/2006/02/26/top-us-patent-holder-is-legendary-japanese-inventor-shunpei-yamazaki|accessdate=2009-06-13}}</ref> ;[[Graded-index fiber|Graded-index optical fiber]] : [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] patented the graded-index optical fiber in 1964.<ref name="soh"/> ;[[Handheld projector]] : In January 1989, [[Epson]] released the first compact [[LCD projector]], the [[3LCD|VPJ-700]].<ref name="peres"/> [[File:Sony watchman fd210.jpg|thumb|[[Sony Watchman]] [[handheld television]] (1982)]] ;[[Handheld television]] : In 1970, [[Panasonic]] released the first [[television]] that was small enough to fit in a large pocket, the Panasonic IC TV MODEL TR-001. It featured a 1.5-inch display, along with a 1.5-inch speaker.<ref>''[[Popular Science]]'', [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9QAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26 April 1970, page 26]</ref> ;[[Ion implantation]] : Invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] in 1950.<ref name="ohmsha">[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2DEEAQAAIAAJ ''Semiconductor Technologies''], page 338, Ohmsha, 1982</ref> ;[[JFET]] (junction gate [[field-effect transistor]]) : The first type of JFET was the [[static induction transistor]] (SIT), invented by Japanese engineers [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] and Y. Watanabe in 1950. The SIT is a type of JFET with a short channel length.<ref name="sit">[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-7263-9_11#page-1 Junction Field-Effect Devices], ''Semiconductor Devices for Power Conditioning'', 1982</ref> ;[[LCD]] [[large-screen television technology]] : [[Sharp Corporation]] invented the first large LCD displays in 1986, based on [[Color television|color]] [[TFT LCD]] technology.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051031052032/http://web6.duc.auburn.edu/~boultwr/lcdnote.pdf Note on the Liquid Crystal Display Industry], [[Auburn University]], 1995</ref> In 1988, Sharp introduced the first commercial large [[LCD television]], a 14" [[TFT LCD]] model with [[active matrix addressing]]. The release of Sharp's large LCD TV in 1988 led to Japan launching an LCD industry, which developed large-size LCD displays, including TFT [[computer monitor]]s and [[LCD television]]s.<ref name="kawamoto">Hirohisa Kawamoto (2013), [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6487587/ The history of liquid-crystal display and its industry], ''HISTory of ELectro-technology CONference (HISTELCON), 2012 Third IEEE'', [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]], DOI 10.1109/HISTELCON.2012.6487587</ref> ;[[LCD television]] : The first [[LCD]] [[television]]s were invented as [[handheld television]]s in Japan. In 1980, [[Hattori Seiko]]'s [[R&D]] group began development on color LCD pocket televisions.<ref name="spin">''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'', [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ImJFcBcCvUoC&pg=PA55 Jul 1985, page 55]</ref> In 1982, [[Seiko Epson]] released the first LCD television, the [[Epson]] TV Watch, a [[wristwatch]] equipped with an [[Active-matrix liquid crystal display|active-matrix LCD]] television.<ref>[http://global.epson.com/company/corporate_history/milestone_products/14_tv_watch.html The world's first television-watch, with an active-matrix LCD], [[Epson]]</ref><ref name="peres"/> In 1983, [[Casio]] released a handheld LCD television, the Casio TV-10.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frank's Handheld-TVs: Part 1|url=http://www.taschenfernseher.de/e-mini.htm}}</ref> ;[[LED-backlit LCD]] : The world's first [[LED]]-backlit [[LCD television]] was [[Sony]]'s [[Qualia (Sony)|Qualia 005]], released in 2004.<ref>[https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/sonyhistory-c.html Product & Technology Milestones: Television], [[Sony]]</ref> [[Image:Pin-Diode.svg|262px|thumb|right|Layers of a [[PIN diode]], invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] in 1950]] ;[[PIN diode]]/[[photodiode]] : Invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] and his colleagues in 1950.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=PbYgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA137</ref> ;[[Radio-controlled]] wheel transmitter : [[Futaba Corporation|Futaba]] introduced the FP-T2F in 1974 that was the first to utilize a steering wheel onto a box transmitter.<ref>http://www.rccaraction.com/blog/2011/05/24/pro-radio-guide/</ref> [[KO Propo]] introduced the EX-1 in 1981 that integrated a wheel with a [[pistol grip]] with its [[trigger (firearms)|trigger]] acting as the throttle. This became one of the two types of radio controlled transmitters currently for surface use.<ref>http://www.ymr.no/historie.htm</ref><ref>scanned published picture evidence http://www.rc10talk.com/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=5886</ref> ;[[Semiconductor]] [[inductance]] : Invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] in 1957.<ref name="ohmsha"/> ;[[Semiconductor laser]] : Invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] in 1957.<ref name="jqr"/><ref name="soh">[http://www.soh-vehe.jp/english/background3.html The Third Industrial Revolution Occurred in Sendai], Soh-VEHE International Patent Office, [[Japan Patent Attorneys Association]]</ref> ;[[Solid-state electronics|Solid-state]] [[maser]] : Invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] in 1955.<ref name="jqr"/> ;[[Solid-state electronics|Solid-state]] [[optical fiber]] : Invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] in 1964.<ref name="ohmsha"/> ;[[Static induction thyristor]] : Invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] in 1971.<ref name="jqr"/><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e35kJYAlyCgC&pg=PA231</ref> ;[[Static induction transistor]] : Invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] and Y. Watanabe in 1950.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3qz0gSVbaesC&pg=PA82</ref> ;[[Surface-conduction electron-emitter display]] (SED) : A [[display technology]] for [[flat panel display]]s. [[Canon Inc.|Canon]] began SED research in 1986.<ref name=stand>Peter Putman, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060315215920/www.hdtvexpert.com/pages_b/sedtech.html "Standing in the shadows" ], ''HDTVexpert'', 8 March 2006</ref> [[Image:ASUS Eee White Alt-small.png|thumb|200px|[[Laptop]] with [[Color television|color]] [[TFT LCD]] display]] ;[[TFT LCD]] : [[LCD]] displays incorporating [[thin film]] and [[transistor]]s were demonstrated in 1970 by J. Kishimoto from [[Canon Inc.|Canon]]<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/US3794990A US3794990A patent: System for driving liquid crystal display device]</ref> and Katsumi Yamamura from [[Suwa Seikosha]] ([[Seiko]]),<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/US3781862A US3781862A patent: Display device for electronic calculator]</ref> and further developed by [[Sharp Corporation]] in 1976.<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/JPS5327390A/en JPS5327390A patent: Liquid crystal display device]</ref> In 1977, a TFT ([[thin-film transistor]]) LCD display was demonstrated by a Sharp team consisting of Kohei Kishi, Hirosaku Nonomura, Keiichiro Shimizu and Tomio Wada.<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/JPS5437697A/en JPS5437697A patent: Liquid crystal display unit of matrix type]</ref> In 1980, [[Hattori Seiko]]'s [[R&D]] group began development on color pocket [[LCD television]]s, which led to the release of the first commercial TFT LCD displays by three of its subsidiaries.<ref name="spin">''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'', [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ImJFcBcCvUoC&pg=PA55 Jul 1985, page 55]</ref> One of its subsidiaries, [[Citizen Watch]], introduced the Citizen Pocket TV, a color TFT LCD [[handheld television]],<ref name="spin"/><ref name="science">''[[Popular Science]]'', [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lgAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA150 May 1984, page 150]</ref> with a 2.7-inch display, in 1984.<ref name="science"/> By 1985, two other Seiko Hattori subsidiaries had also introduced TFT LCD handheld televisions, with [[Seiko]]'s color micro-TV and the [[Epson]] ELF.<ref name="spin"/> ;[[Trinitron]] : Trinitron [[cathode ray tube]] (CRT) [[aperture grille]] [[television]] invented by [[Sony]]'s Susumu Yoshida in 1968.<ref name="ohmsa82"/> [[File:GE 1N3716 tunnel diode.jpg|thumb|1N3716 [[tunnel diode]] ([[Leo Esaki|Esaki]] [[diode]])]] ;[[Tunnel diode]] (Esaki diode) : It was invented in August 1957 by [[Leo Esaki]], Yuriko Kurose and Takashi Suzuki when they were working at Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo, now known as [[Sony]].<ref name="uspatent">[https://patents.google.com/patent/US3033714A/en Diode type semiconductor device] United States patent 3,033,714</ref><ref name="JPSmeeting">{{cite journal|last1=Esaki|first1=L.|last2=Kurose|first2=Y.|last3=Suzuki|first3=T.|year=1957|url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110002243535/en/ |title=Ge P-N Junction のInternal Field Emission|journal=日本物理学会年会講演予稿集|volume=12|issue=5|pages=85}}</ref><ref name="sonyhistory">[https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/SonyHistory/1-09.html Sony History - Chapter 9 The Model 2T7 Transistor]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Esaki|first=Leo|date=1958-01-15|year=|title=New Phenomenon in Narrow Germanium p−n Junctions|url=http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.109.603|journal=Physical Review|volume=109|issue=2|pages=603–604|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.109.603|via=|bibcode=1958PhRv..109..603E}}</ref> ;[[Tunnel injection]] : Invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] in 1958.<ref name="ohmsha"/> ;[[Varicap]] (variable capacitance [[diode]]) : Invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] in 1959.<ref name="ohmsha"/> ===Game controllers=== ;[[D-pad]] : In 1982, [[Nintendo]]'s [[Gunpei Yokoi]] elaborated on the idea of a circular pad, shrinking it and altering the points into the familiar modern "cross" design for control of on-screen characters in their ''[[Donkey Kong (video game)|Donkey Kong]]'' handheld game. It came to be known as the "D-pad".<ref name="IGN">{{cite web| last = Buchanan| first = Levi| title = From Janitor to Superstar Gunpei Yokoi, inventor of the Game Boy, would have been 67 this week.| publisher = IGN| date = 2008-09-08| url = http://retro.ign.com/articles/908/908569p1.html| accessdate = 2008-12-28}}</ref> The design proved to be popular for subsequent ''[[Game & Watch]]'' titles. This particular design was patented. In 1984, the Japanese company Epoch created a handheld game system called the [[Epoch Game Pocket Computer]]. It featured a D-pad, but it was not popular for its time and soon faded. Initially intended to be a compact controller for the ''Game & Watch'' handheld games alongside the prior non-connected style pad, Nintendo realized that Gunpei's design would also be appropriate for regular consoles, and Nintendo made the D-pad the standard directional control for the hugely successful [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] under the name "+Control Pad". ;[[Wii Remote|Motion-sensing controller]] : Invented by [[Nintendo]] for the [[Wii]], the [[Wii Remote]] is the first [[Game controller|controller]] with [[Motion detection|motion-sensing]] capability. It was a candidate for [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']]'s Best Invention of 2006.<ref>{{cite news|first=Lev|last=Grossman|title=Best Inventions|publisher=''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''|year=2006|url=http://www.time.com/time/2006/techguide/bestinventions/inventions/youtube.html|accessdate=2009-06-08}}</ref> ===Memory and storage technology=== [[File:Betavhs2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Betamax]] (top) and [[VHS]] (bottom) tapes were respectively created by Japanese companies [[Sony]] and [[JVC]].]] ;[[Betamax]] : Betamax was an analog [[videocassette]] [[magnetic tape]] marketed to consumers released by [[Sony]] on May 10, 1975.<ref name="McDonald2007">{{cite book|last=McDonald|first=Paul|title=Video and DVD Industries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G68TAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=6 June 2012|date=2007-08-06|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9781844571673|page=33}}</ref> ;[[Blu-ray Disc]] : After [[Shuji Nakamura]]'s invention of practical [[Blue laser|blue laser diodes]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,103862-page,1/article.html |title=Opening the Door for New Storage Options |accessdate=2007-10-18 |first=Martyn |last=Williams |date=2002-08-12 |work=pcworld.com |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106015439/http://www.pcworld.com/article/id%2C103862-page%2C1/article.html |archivedate=2007-11-06 |df= }}</ref> [[Sony]] started two projects applying the new diodes: [[Ultra Density Optical|UDO]] (Ultra Density Optical) and DVR Blue (together with [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]]), a format of rewritable discs which would eventually become the Blu-ray Disc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetanalog.com/features/OEG20010615S0046 |title=Blue laser bolsters DTV storage, features |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=S.B. Luitjens |date=2001-06-15 |work=planetanalog.com |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020701075041/http://www.planetanalog.com/features/OEG20010615S0046 |archivedate=2002-07-01 |df= }}</ref> The [[Blu-ray Disc Association]] was founded by [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] alongside with nine companies: five from Japan, two from Korea, one from the Netherlands and one from France. [[File:CD-ROM Drive (Dell).jpg|thumb|[[CD-ROM]] drive]] ;[[CD-ROM]] : The CD-ROM format was developed by Japanese company [[Denon]] in 1982. It was an extension of [[Compact Disc Digital Audio]], and adapted the format to hold any form of digital data, with a storage capacity of 553 [[MiB]].<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RTwQAQAAMAAJ ''Videodisc Update'', Volumes 1-3], page 13, 1982</ref> CD-ROM was then introduced by Denon and [[Sony]] at a Japanese computer show in 1984.<ref name="chronicles"/> ;[[Compact Disc]] (CD) : The compact disc was jointly developed by Philips (Joop Sinjou) and Sony ([[Toshitada Doi]]). [[Sony]] first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. In September 1978, they demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150 minute playing time, and with specifications of 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, [[Cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon coding|cross-interleaved]] [[error correction]] code, that were similar to those of the [[Compact Disc]] they introduced in 1982.<ref name=SonyHistorical>{{cite web|url=http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=2912|title=A Long Play Digital Audio Disc System|publisher=AES|accessdate=2009-02-14}}</ref> [[File:DVD-Video bottom-side.jpg|thumb|[[Sony DADC]] manufactured [[DVD]], introduced in 1995]] ;[[Digital video disc]] (DVD) : The DVD, first developed in 1995, resulted from a cooperation between three Japanese companies ([[Sony]], [[Toshiba]] and [[Panasonic]]) and one Dutch company ([[Philips]]). ;[[Dynamic random-access memory]] (DRAM) : The [[Toshiba]] Toscal BC-1411 [[electronic calculator]], which debuted in 1965,<ref>[http://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/co8406093/toscal-bc-1411-calculator-with-electronic-calculator Toscal BC-1411 calculator], [[Science Museum, London]]</ref><ref name="bc">[http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/toshbc1411.html Toshiba "Toscal" BC-1411 Desktop Calculator]</ref> introduced an early form of DRAM built from discrete components.<ref name="bc"/> [[File:USB flash drive.JPG|thumb|[[USB]] [[flash drive]], with [[flash memory]] chip on the left]] ;[[Flash memory]] : Flash memory (both [[NOR flash|NOR]] and [[NAND Flash|NAND]] types) was invented by Dr. [[Fujio Masuoka]] while working for [[Toshiba]] ''c.'' 1980.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fulford|first=Benjamin|title=Unsung hero|publisher=Forbes|date=24 June 2002|accessdate=2008-03-18|url=http://www.forbes.com/global/2002/0624/030.html}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|4531203|Fujio Masuoka}}</ref> ;[[Floppy disk]] ([[magnetic disk]]) : The first floppy disk was invented by [[Yoshiro Nakamatsu]] at the [[Tokyo Imperial University]] in 1950.<ref name="dummer">G. W. A. Dummer (1997), [https://archive.org/stream/electronicinvent14gwad#page/164/mode/2up ''Electronic Inventions and Discoveries'', page 164], [[Institute of Physics]]</ref><ref>Valerie-Anne Giscard d'Estaing (1990), ''The Book of Inventions and Discoveries'', page 124, [[Queen Anne Press]]</ref> He later received a Japanese patent in 1952,<ref name="Lazarus">{{cite news | title ='Japan's Edison' Is Country's Gadget King : Japanese Inventor Holds Record for Patent | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/10/news/10iht-matscon.ttt.html | first = David | last = Lazarus | work = The New York Times | date = April 10, 1995 | accessdate = 2010-12-21 }}</ref><ref>[http://stellarix.com/interesting-patents/yoshiro-nakamatsu-the-thomas-edison-of-japan/ YOSHIRO NAKAMATSU – THE THOMAS EDISON OF JAPAN], Stellarix Consultancy Services, 2015</ref> and a 1958 American patent, for a magnetic disk record sheet.<ref>[http://www.google.co.uk/patents/US3131937 Magnetic record sheet], Patent US3131937</ref> [[Nippon Columbia]] planned to commercialized his magnetic disc sheet recorder in 1960.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B80iAQAAMAAJ ''Graphic Arts Japan'', Volume 2] (1960), pages 20-22</ref> He licensed a number of patents to [[IBM]],<ref name="Lazarus" /><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news | title = What a Stroke of ... Um, Ingenuity, Anyhow | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/29/nyregion/what-a-stroke-of-um-ingenuity-anyhow.html | first = James | last = Barron | work = The New York Times | date = Nov 11, 1990 | accessdate = 2010-05-03 }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HGuuh5SIk_8C&pg=PA49 ''Spy'', December 1991, page 49]</ref> reaching licensing agreements with them in the 1970s.<ref name="dummer"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url = http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/dr-nakamats-the-man-with-3300-patents-to-his-name-134571403/?all|title = Dr. NakaMats, the Man With 3300 Patents to His Name|last = Lidz|first = Franz|date = December 2012|journal = Smithsonian Magazine|accessdate = October 15, 2014|doi = |pmid = }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Dr. NakaMats: Japan's Self-Proclaimed Savior | url = http://www.japaninc.com/article.php?articleID=653 | first = Tim | last = Hornyak | publisher = Japan Inc |date=January 2002 | accessdate = 2007-10-13 }}</ref> ;Glass [[hard disk drive platter]] : In 1990, [[Toshiba]]'s MK1122FC was the first [[hard drive]] to use a glass [[hard disk drive platter]], replacing the earlier aluminium platters. Glass platters had several advantages, such as greater shock resistance, compared to aluminium platter.<ref>[http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/device/magnetic_disk/0074.html Toshiba MK1122FC], [[Information Processing Society of Japan]]</ref> ;[[Helical scan]] : Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki invented a prototype helical scan recorder in 1953.<ref name="smpte">[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PL0eAQAAMAAJ ''SMPTE Journal: Publication of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers'', Volume 96, Issues 1-6; Volume 96], page 256, [[Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers]]</ref> ;[[Holographic data storage]] : In 1975, [[Hitachi]] introduced a [[video disc]] system in which chrominance, luminance and sound information were encoded [[holographic]]ally. Each frame was recorded as a 1mm diameter hologram on a 305mm disc, while a laser beam read out the hologram from three angles.<ref>http://www.terramedia.co.uk/media/video/video_discs_2.htm</ref> ;[[LaserDisc]] [[digital data]] [[Data storage device|storage]] : In 1984, [[Sony]] introduced a LaserDisc format that could store any form of digital data, as a [[data storage device]] similar to [[CD-ROM]], with a larger capacity of 3.28 [[GiB]].<ref name="chronicles"/> [[File:Floppy disc.jpg|thumb|[[Mitsubishi Kagaku Media|Verbatim]] [[3½-inch floppy disk]]ettes]] ;[[Micro floppy|Micro floppy disk]] ([[3½-inch floppy disk]]) : [[Sony]] invented the 3½-inch [[floppy disk]] format, called the micro floppy disk. The first commercial micro floppy [[disk drive]] was the Sony OA-D30V, released in 1981.<ref>[http://www.macgeek.org/museum/sony400kdrive/ SONY Micro Floppydisk Drive - Model OA-D30V]</ref> ;[[Perpendicular recording]] :Perpendicular recording was first demonstrated in the late 19th century by Danish scientist Valdemar Poulsen, who demonstrated that sound could be recorded magnetically. In 1976, Dr. Shun-ichi Iwasaki (president of the Tohoku Institute of Technology) recognized the distinct density advantages in perpendicular recording. In 1978, Dr. T. Fujiwara began an intensive research and development program at the Toshiba Corporation that eventually resulted in the perfection of [[floppy disk]] media optimized for perpendicular recording and the first magnetic [[digital data]] [[Data storage device|storage devices]] using the technique.<ref>[http://www.tomshardware.co.uk/hard-drive-magnetic-storage-hdd,review-32264-7.html Capacity Measurements, Areal Density, And PMR]</ref> ;[[VHS]] (Video Home System) : The VHS was invented in 1973 by Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano who worked for [[JVC]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/20/world/shizuo-takano-68-an-engineer-who-developed-vhs-recorders.html |title=Shizuo Takano, 68, an Engineer Who Developed VHS Recorders |work=The New York Times |date=1992-01-20 |accessdate=2011-07-11 |first=Andrew |last=Pollack}}</ref> [[File:U-matic.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sony]] [[U-matic]] [[videocassette recorder]] tape]] ;[[Videocassette recorder]] : The first machines (the VP-1100 videocassette player and the VO-1700 videocassette recorder) to use the first [[videocassette]] format, [[U-matic]], were introduced by [[Sony]] in 1971.<ref>Sony sold 15,000 U-matic machines in the U.S. in its first year. "Television on a Disk," ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', September 18, 1972.</ref> ;[[Video tape recorder]] : Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki invented a prototype video tape recorder in 1953, based on [[helical scan]] technology.<ref name="smpte"/> ===Robotics=== ;[[Android (robot)|Android]] [[File:Actroid-DER 01.jpg|thumb|right|DER-01, a Japanese [[actroid]] (an [[android (robot)|android]] intended to be very visually similar to humans)]] : The world's first [[android (robot)|android]], DER 01, was developed by a Japanese research group, The Intelligent Robotics Lab, directed by Hiroshi Ishiguro at Osaka University, and Kokoro Co., Ltd. The [[Actroid]] is a [[humanoid robot]] with strong visual human-likeness developed by [[Osaka University]] and manufactured by Kokoro Company Ltd. (the [[animatronics]] division of [[Sanrio]]). It was first unveiled at the 2003 International Robot Exposition in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]. The Actroid woman is a pioneer example of a real machine similar to imagined machines called by the [[science fiction]] terms ''android'' or ''[[gynoid]]'', so far used only for [[List of fictional robots and androids|fictional robot]]s. It can mimic such lifelike functions as blinking, speaking, and breathing. The "Repliee" models are interactive robots with the ability to recognise and process speech and respond in kind.<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Interaction Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=297–337 |title=The uncanny advantage of using androids in social and cognitive science research |first=Karl F. |last=MacDorman |author2=Ishiguro, Hiroshi |year=2006 |issn=1572-0373 |url=http://www.macdorman.com/kfm/writings/pubs/MacDorman2006AndroidScience.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-05-25 |doi=10.1075/is.7.3.03mac}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=LiveScience |title=New robot looks strikingly human |first=Bill |last=Christensen |date=2005-06-28 |url=http://www.livescience.com/technology/050628_real_robot.html |accessdate=2008-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=Japanese develop 'female' android |first=David |last=Whitehouse |date=2005-07-12 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4714135.stm |accessdate=2008-05-25}}</ref> ;[[Karakuri puppet]] : {{nihongo|Karakuri puppets|からくり人形|karakuri ningyō}} are traditional [[Japan]]ese mechanized [[puppet]]s or [[automata]], originally made from the 17th century to the 19th century. The word ''karakuri'' means "mechanisms" or "trick".<ref>Jane Marie Law, ''Puppets of Nostalgia – The Life, Death and Rebirth of the Japanese [[Awaji Ningyō-Jōruri|Awaji Ningyo]] Tradition'', 1997, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-02894-1</ref> The dolls' gestures provided a form of entertainment. Three main types of karakuri exist. {{nihongo3|stage karakuri|舞台からくり|Butai karakuri}} were used in [[theatre]]. {{nihongo3|tatami room karakuri|座敷からくり|Zashiki karakuri}} were small and used in homes. {{nihongo3|festival car karakuri|山車からくり|Dashi karakuri}} were used in religious festivals, where the puppets were used to perform reenactments of traditional [[mythology|myth]]s and [[legend]]s. ;[[Ninja]] [[robot]] : Invented by [[Shigeo Hirose]], it is capable of climbing buildings and a seven-ton robot capable of climbing mountainous slopes with the aim of installing bolts in the ground so as to prevent landslides.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/06/technology_robot_menagerie/html/7.stm Robot menagerie, Landslide danger], [[BBC News]]</ref> ;[[HAL (robot)|Robotic exoskeleton for motion support (medicine)]] : The first HAL prototype was proposed by [[Yoshiyuki Sankai]], a professor at Tsukuba University.<ref>"Cyberdyne power suit". YouTube. 31 July 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2012.</ref> Fascinated with robots since he was in the third grade, Sankai had striven to make a robotic suit in order “to support humans.” In 1989, after receiving his Ph.D. in robotics, he began the development of HAL. Sankai spent three years, from 1990 to 1993, mapping out the neurons that govern leg movement. It took him and his team an additional four years to make a prototype of the hardware.<ref>"HAL, a friend for people with disabilities". Nipponia. Web Japan. 15 September 2006. Retrieved 16 July 2013.</ref> ===Space exploration=== ;[[IKAROS|Interplanetary solar sail spacecraft]] : IKAROS the world's first successful interplanetary solar sail spacecraft was launched by [[JAXA]] on 21 May 2010.<ref>{{cite web | title=Launch Day of the H-IIA Launch Vehicle No. 17(H-IIA F17) | url=http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2010/03/20100303_h2af17_e.html | publisher=JAXA | date= 3 March 2010| accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref> ===Timekeeping=== [[File:Seiko SND555P1 Chronograph.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A [[Seiko]] quartz wristwatch using the chronograph function (movement 7T92).]] ;[[Automatic quartz]] : The first watch to combine self-winding with a [[crystal oscillator]] for timekeeping was unveiled by [[Seiko]] in 1986.<ref name="seikooverview">{{cite press release | url=http://www.seikowatches.com/world/technology/kinetic/ | title=SEIKO Kinetic. 20 years of success | publisher=[[Seiko]] | date=2007-04-12 | accessdate=2014-11-11}}</ref> ;[[LCD]] [[watch]] : Tetsuro Hama and Izuhiko Nishimura of [[Seiko]] received a US patent dated February 1971 for an electronic [[wristwatch]] incorporating a [[Twisted nematic|TN]] LCD display.<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/US3881311A US3881311A patent: Driving arrangement for passive time indicating devices]</ref> [[Sharp Corporation]] mass-produced TN LCD displays for watches in 1975.<ref name="auburn"/> ;[[Myriad year clock]] : The Myriad year clock (万年自鳴鐘 Mannen Jimeishou, lit. Ten-Thousand Year Self-ringing Bell), was a universal clock designed by the Japanese inventor [[Hisashige Tanaka]] in 1851. It belongs to the category of Japanese clocks called [[Wadokei]].<ref>Challenge of the Myriad Year Clock (万年時計の謎に挑む), TV program (in Japanese) broadcast on 23 April 2005, Japan Broadcasting Corp. Retrieved on 2009-02-05.</ref> ;[[Quartz clock|Quartz]] [[Watch|wristwatch]] : The world's first quartz [[Watch|wristwatch]] was revealed in 1967: the prototype of the [[Astron (wristwatch)|Astron]] revealed by [[Seiko]] in Japan, where it was in development since 1958. It was eventually released to the public in 1969.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = IEEE History Center | title = Electronic Quartz Wristwatch, 1969 | url=http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/seiko.html | accessdate = 2007-08-31 }}</ref> ;[[Spring Drive]] : A [[watch movement]] which was first conceived by Yoshikazu Akahane working for [[Seiko]] in 1977 and was patented in 1982. It features a true continuously sweeping second hand, rather than the traditional beats per time unit, as seen with traditional mechanical and most quartz watches.<ref>http://global.epson.com/company/corporate_history/milestone_products/pdf/35_spring-drive.pdf</ref> ===Transport=== ;[[Aircraft Carrier]] : [[Japanese aircraft carrier Hōshō|Hōshō]] was the world's first purpose-built aircraft carrier to be completed. She was commissioned in 1922 for the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] (IJN). Hōshō and her aircraft group participated in the [[January 28 Incident]] in 1932 and in the opening stages of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] in late 1937.<ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/hosho-cvl.htm IJN Hosho Light Aircraft Carrier</ref> [[File:0 series Yurakucho 19670505.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A [[Shinkansen|bullet train]] in Tokyo, 1967]] ;[[Shinkansen|Bullet train]] : The world's first high volume capable (initially 12 car maximum) "[[High-speed rail|high-speed train]]" was Japan's [[Tōkaidō Shinkansen]], which officially opened in October 1964, with construction commencing in April 1959.<ref name="byun">[http://www.h2.dion.ne.jp/~dajf/byunbyun/chrono.htm Shinkansen Chronology], byun byun Shinkansen.</ref> The [[0 Series Shinkansen]], built by [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries]], achieved maximum passenger service speeds of 210 km/h (130 mph) on the [[Tokyo]]–[[Nagoya]]–[[Kyoto]]–[[Osaka]] route, with earlier test runs hitting top speeds in 1963 at 256 km/h.<ref name="byun"/> ;[[Continuously variable transmission|Electronically-controlled continuously variable transmission]] : In early 1987, [[Subaru]] launched the [[Subaru Justy|Justy]] in Tokyo with an electronically-controlled continuously variable transmission (ECVT) developed by [[Fuji Heavy Industries]], which owns Subaru.<ref name=Poulton>{{cite book | last = Poulton | first = M.L. | title = Fuel Efficient Car Technology | publisher = Computational Mechanics Publications | year = 1997 | isbn = 1853124478 | page = 69}} </ref> ;[[Hydrogen car]] : In 2014, [[Toyota]] launched the first production hydrogen [[fuel cell]] vehicle, the [[Toyota Mirai]].<ref name=Voelcker>Voelcker, John. [https://autos.yahoo.com/news/decades-promises-dude-wheres-hydrogen-fuel-cell-car-130000421.html "Decades Of Promises: 'Dude, Where's My Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Car?'"], Yahoo.com, March 31, 2015</ref> The Mirai has a range of 312 miles (502 km) and takes about five minutes to refuel. The initial sale price was roughly 7 million yen ($69,000). ;[[Kei car]] : A category of small [[automobiles]], including [[Automobile|passenger car]]s, [[Microvan|vans]], and [[Kei truck|pickup trucks]]. They are designed to exploit local [[tax]] and [[insurance]] relaxations, and in more rural areas are exempted from the requirement to certify that adequate [[parking]] is available for the vehicle.<ref name="nunn">[http://www.jama-english.jp/europe/news/2005/jan-feb/peternunn.html "Minicars: Cheap and Cheerful"], Peter Nunn, [[Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association|JAMA]], January–February 2005</ref><ref name="sendai">[http://www.sendaiedu.com/owningacar.html "Owning a Car in Japan"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208060752/http://www.sendaiedu.com/owningacar.html |date=2012-02-08 }}, ALTs in Sendai</ref> ;[[Escalator#Design types|Spiral escalator]] : [[Mitsubishi Electric]] unveiled the world's first practical spiral escalator in 1985. Spiral escalators have the advantage of taking up less space than their conventional counterparts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/elevator/innovations/spiral_escalators.html |title=Elevators & Escalators - MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC |publisher=mitsubishielectric.com |date= |accessdate=July 1, 2016}}</ref> ===Weapons=== ;[[Fire balloon]] : A fire balloon, or balloon bomb, was an experimental weapon launched by [[Japan]] from 1944 to 1945, during [[World War II]].<ref name="fireballoon">{{cite book|last=Webber|first= Bert|title=Retaliation: Japanese attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II |publisher= Oregon State University|year=1975|pages=99–108|isbn=0-87071-076-1}}</ref> [[File:Antique Japanese (samurai) katana met museum.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Katana]]]] ;[[Katana]] : The katana originated in the [[Muromachi period]] (1392–1573) as a result of changing battle conditions requiring faster response times. The katana facilitated this by being worn with the blade facing up, which allowed the samurai to [[Iaijutsu|draw their blade and slash at their enemy in a single motion]]. Previously, the curved sword of the samurai was worn with the blade facing down. The ability to draw and cut in one motion also became increasingly useful in the daily life of the samurai.<ref name="Nagayama-history">{{cite book| last = Nagayama| first = Kokan| title = The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords| publisher = Kodansha International Ltd.| year = 1997| location = Tokyo, Japan| isbn = 4-7700-2071-6| page = 28 | others = trans. Kenji Mishina}}</ref> ;[[Shuriken]] : The shuriken was invented during the [[Gosannen War]] as a concealed weapon, primarily for the purpose of distracting a target.<ref>{{cite web|title=KUNAI, SHURIKEN AND NINJA STARS|url=http://www.swordsofmight.com/kunaishurikenandninjastars.aspx|publisher=Swords of Might|accessdate=18 Jan 2016}}</ref> ===Wireless transmission=== ;[[Meteor burst communications]] : The first observation of interaction between meteors and radio propagation was reported by [[Hantaro Nagaoka]] in 1929.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hantaro Nagaoka |title=Possibility of the radio transmission being disturbed by meteoric showers |journal=Tokyo Imperial Academy, Proceedings |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=233–236 |year=1929}} Cited in {{cite book |author=Wilhelm Nupen |title=Bibliography on meteoric radio wave propagation |url=https://archive.org/details/bibliographyonme94nupe |year=1961 |publisher=U.S. National Bureau of Standards |location=Washington |pages=76 |accessdate=5 July 2016}}</ref> ;[[Yagi antenna]] : The Yagi-Uda antenna was invented in 1926 by [[Shintaro Uda]] of [[Tohoku University|Tohoku Imperial University]], [[Sendai, Miyagi|Sendai]], [[Japan]], with the collaboration of [[Hidetsugu Yagi]], also of Tohoku Imperial University. Yagi published the first English-language reference on the antenna in a 1928 survey article on short wave research in Japan and it came to be associated with his name. However, Yagi always acknowledged Uda's principal contribution to the design, and the proper name for the antenna is, as above, the Yagi-Uda antenna (or array).<ref>{{cite web | title=Yagi-Uda Antenna | url=http://www.antenna-theory.com/antennas/travelling/yagi.php | publisher=Antenna-Theory.com. | accessdate=2010-04-16}}</ref> ===Writing and correction implementations=== [[File:Fullmark Correction Tape 2.jpg|thumb|Model B in Pink]] ;[[Correction tape]] : Correction tape was invented in 1989 by the Japanese product manufacturer Seed. It is an alternative to [[correction fluid]].<ref>http://www.seedr.co.jp/tape/tape2.html</ref> ;[[Gel pen]] : The gel pen was invented in 1984 by Sakura.<ref>http://www.gellyroll.com/</ref> ;[[Rollerball pen]] : The first rollerball pen was invented in 1963 by the Japanese company [[Ohto]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ohto.jpn.org/ceramic.html |title=Ceramic Ball (OHTO Japan English Website) |publisher=ohto.co.jp |year=2008 |accessdate=4 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318202440/http://www.ohto.jpn.org/ceramic.html |archivedate=18 March 2012 |df= }}</ref> ==Other== ;[[Artificial snowflake]] : The first artificial snowflake was created by [[Ukichiro Nakaya]] in 1936, three years after his first attempt.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ukichiro Nakaya|url=http://www.famousscientists.org/ukichiro-nakaya/|website=Famous Scientists|accessdate=5 July 2016}}</ref> ;[[Canned coffee]] : Canned coffee was invented in 1965 by Miura Yoshitake, a coffee shop owner in Hamada, Shimane Prefecture, Japan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canned Coffee|url=http://www.nippon.com/en/features/jg00067/|website=Nippon|accessdate=2 July 2016}}</ref> ;[[Emoji]] : The first emoji was created in 1998 or 1999 in Japan by [[Shigetaka Kurita]].<ref name="Why and how I created emoji">{{cite web|last1=Kurita, Nakano, Lee |title=Why and how I created emoji |url=http://ignition.co/105 |website=Ignition |accessdate=July 1, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610220635/http://ignition.co/105 |archivedate=June 10, 2016 |df= }}</ref> ;[[Fake food]] : Simulated food was invented after Japan’s surrender ending World War II in 1945. Westerners traveling to Japan had trouble reading Japanese menus and in response, Japanese [[artisans]] and [[candlemaker]]s created wax food so foreigners could easily order something that looked appetizing.<ref name=Hani>{{citation |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20021124a3.html |journal=Japan Times |date=November 24, 2002 |title=A feast for the eyes |first=Yoko |last=Hani }}</ref> ;[[Imageboard]] : The first imageboards were created in Japan. Later [[English language]] imageboards such as [[4chan]] would be created.<ref name=shiichan>{{cite web|url=http://wakaba.c3.cx/shii/ |title=Shiichan Anonymous BBS |author=Shii |work= |publisher= |date=2006 |accessdate=2011-10-18}}</ref> ;[[Yoshizawa–Randlett system]] : The Yoshizawa–Randlett system is a diagramming system used for origami models. It was first developed by [[Akira Yoshizawa]] in 1954. It was later improved upon by [[Samuel Randlett]] and [[Robert Harbin]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Origami Bible |author=Nick Robinson |page=18 |year=2004 |publisher=Chrysalis Books |isbn=1-84340-105-3}}</ref> ;[[Textboard]] : Textboards like imageboards were invented in Japan. However, unlike imageboards, textboards are relatively unknown outside of Japan.<ref name=shiichan>{{cite web|url=http://wakaba.c3.cx/shii/ |title=Shiichan Anonymous BBS |author=Shii |work= |publisher= |date=2006 |accessdate=2011-10-18}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Science and technology in Japan]] *[[List of Chinese inventions]] *[[List of Indian inventions and discoveries]] *[[List of Korean inventions]] *[[Timeline of historic inventions]] *[[Ten Japanese Great Inventors]] *[[List of automotive superlatives]] - list of first by Japanese cars ==References== {{Reflist|3}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Japanese Inventions}} [[Category:Japan-related lists|Inventions]] [[Category:Research & Technology]] [[Category:History of Japan]]
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